Objective To verify the antibacterial efficacy of a metal-organic framework (MOF) coating in an air medical transport isolation device, aiming to reduce the risk of personnel infection. Methods Field tests and simulated field tests were conducted to evaluate the antibacterial performance of the transport isolation device made of thermoplastic polyurethane (TPU) and acrylonitrile-butadiene-styrene (ABS) materials coated with MOF. Results In the laboratory simulated field tests, the MOF-coated TPU and ABS exhibited antibacterial activity values >3 against Escherichia coli after 0.5 h of exposure; against Staphylococcus aureus, the antibacterial activity values were 1.18 and 1.93 after 3 h, respectively. For the two materials on the inner surface of the entire isolation cabin, the antibacterial activity values of MOF-coated TPU and ABS against E. coli were 2.40 and 3.81 after 4 h, respectively; against S. aureus, the values were 1.61 and 2.48 after 4 h, respectively. In the field tests, both MOF-coated ABS and TPU materials demonstrated antibacterial effects, with the ABS material showing an antibacterial rate of 75.00% at 2 h and the TPU material showing 86.00% at 4 h. Conclusion The isolation device incorporating MOF-coated materials possesses strong antibacterial function and can reduce the infection risk during air medical isolation transport.
Objective To evaluate the disinfection efficacy and safety of a novel potassium peroxymonosulfate composite powder disinfectant at room temperature. Methods The active ingredient content and stability of the disinfectant were determined according to T/FAS 028—2021 General Technical Standard for Potassium Monopersulfate Disinfectants and the 2002 edition of the Technical Standard for Disinfection. The carrier immersion method was used to evaluate the bactericidal efficacy against S. aureus and E. coli. The safety of the disinfectant was assessed through acute oral toxicity test, acute skin irritation test, and mouse bone marrow polychromatic erythrocyte micronucleus test. Results The content of potassium monopersulfate compound salt (PMPS) in the disinfectant was 63.8%, and the active oxygen content was 2.87%. The disinfectant showed good stability after being placed at 54℃ for 14 d. At concentrations of 1 500 mg/L and 1,000 mg/L, with a minimum contact time of 5 min, the disinfectant exhibited good bactericidal efficacy against S. aureus and E. coli on cloth carriers. The acute oral toxicity test showed that the LD50 value of the disinfectant ranged from 3 690 to 4 300 mg/(kg•BW), indicating a low-toxicity level. The skin irritation test showed no irritation. The micronucleus test did not reveal obvious chromosomal damage. Conclusion The novel potassium monopersulfate compound powder disinfectant exhibits good bactericidal efficacy, stability, and safety, which it suitable for use at room temperature.
Objective To explore the applicability of vaporized hydrogen peroxide for in-situ disinfection of high efficiency particulate air (HEPA) filter unit in biosafety level 3 laboratory. Methods Disinfection circulating fan and homemade sealed disinfection shroud assembly kit were employed to aid in vaporized hydrogen peroxide disinfection for the HEPA filter via localized circulation disinfection method. The sterilization effect was validated using chemical and biological indicator. Results In the recirculation fan-assisted strategy, VHP at dosages of 16 and 18 g/m³ simultaneously achieved effective disinfection of Geobacillus stearothermophilus spore carriers placed in the room, at the downstream sampling port of the exhaust HEPA filter unit, and at the validation port of the recirculation fan. However, noticeable blistering and corrosion of the surface of laboratory color-coated steel panels occurred locally during the process. In the custom-made sealed hood kit-assisted strategy, with a hydrogen peroxide injection rate of 2.0 g/min, complete killing of spore carriers at both upstream and downstream positions of the air-outlet-type exhaust HEPA filter unit was achieved within 1 h. No corrosion of the laboratory color-coated steel panels was observed during this process. Conclusion The localized disinfection scheme combining vaporized hydrogen peroxide disinfection machine with homemade shroud assembly kit can achieve in-situ disinfection of exhaust air HEPA filter unit in biosafety level 3 laboratory, which has high practical value.
Objective To evaluate the contamination levels of disinfection by-products (DBPs) in urban drinking water in Ordos City resulting from disinfection with mixed chlorine dioxide-chlorine and sodium hypochlorite, and to assess the associated health risks to the population through drinking water ingestion. Methods A total of 183 water samples were collected from municipal water supplies in Ordos City during both the dry season and the wet season. The health risks of DBPs were quantitatively assessed using the health risk assessment model recommended by the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency. Results The concentrations of eight DBPs—trichloromethane (CF), dibromochloromethane (DBCM), bromodichloromethane (BDCM), tribromomethane (TBM), dichloroacetic acid (DCAA), trichloroacetic acid (TCAA), chlorate, and chlorite—in drinking water were all below the limit values specified in GB 5749—2022 Standards for Drinking Water Quality, with overall detection rates ranging from 43.17% to 70.33%. The DBP concentrations in water samples disinfected with mixed chlorine dioxide generators were significantly higher than those in samples disinfected with sodium hypochlorite (P<0.05). The health risk assessment results showed that the non-carcinogenic hazard quotient (HQ) for DBPs ingested through drinking water was 8.76×10-3, which was within the acceptable level; whereas the lifetime carcinogenic risk (R value) was 4.67×10-6, indicating a potential carcinogenic risk. Conclusion The concentrations of DBPs in urban drinking water in Ordos City are within the permissible limits. Enhanced management of disinfection with mixed chlorine dioxide generators should be prioritized.
Objective To establish a method for the determination of 12 nitrosamines in drinking water using fully automated headspace solid-phase microextraction (HS-SPME) coupled with gas chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (GC-MS/MS). Methods On a PAL RTC fully automated SPME system, nitrosamines in water samples were extracted, enriched, and desorbed using a solid-phase microextraction fiber, then injected and detected by GC-MS/MS in dynamic multiple reaction monitoring mode, with quantification by the internal standard method. The effects of different fiber coatings, sodium chloride dosage, extraction temperature, and extraction time on extraction efficiency were observed to optimize the SPME conditions. Results The 12 nitrosamines showed good linearity in the range of 0.20-10 μg/L, with correlation coefficients (r) all greater than 0.998. The limits of detection ranged from 0.01 to 0.03 μg/L, and limits of quantification ranged from 0.03 to 0.1 μg/L. The average recoveries at low, medium, and high spiked levels were 80.1%-113%, with relative standard deviations of 2.8%-7.2%. The method was applied to detect tap water samples from the pipe network in Shaoxing City. The detection rates were 40% for N-nitrosodimethylamine, 30% for N-nitrosomethylethylamine, and 100% for N-nitrosodiphenylamine; the other nitrosamines were not detected. Conclusion The established method allows simultaneous analysis of 12 nitrosamines in drinking water with a single injection, making it suitable for large-scale screening of nitrosamine disinfection by-products in drinking water.
Objective To investigate the changes in disinfection quality in childcare facilities in Daxing District, Beijing, from 2019 to 2024, and to provide a scientific basis for formulating infectious disease prevention and control measures in these settings. Methods According to relevant national health standards and limit value requirements, indoor air, object surfaces, and the hands of teachers and children were sampled onsite in childcare facilities, and total bacterial counts were calculated. Results A total of 1,789 samples were collected from 2019 to 2024, of which 1,473 were qualified, yielding an overall qualification rate of 82.34%. The qualification rates differed significantly among years ($\mathit{\chi} ^2$=13.309, P<0.05), with the highest rate observed in 2022 (90.05%) and the lowest in 2020 (78.42%). Significant differences were also observed among different monitoring items ($\mathit{\chi} ^2$=249.548, P<0.001), among which indoor air had the highest qualification rate (97.56%), whereas the hands of teachers and children had the lowest (64.94%). No significant difference was found in the overall qualification rate among different types of childcare facilities ($\mathit{\chi} ^2$=2.338, P>0.05). Conclusion The qualification rate for the hands of teachers and children in childcare facilities in Daxing District, Beijing, from 2019 to 2024 was relatively low. Enhanced education and training on hand hygiene should be prioritized.
Objective To understand the current status of final rinsing water for the flexible endoscopes and its influencing factors in 40 medical institutions of Hefei, so as to provide a basis for subsequent quality control and infection prevention and control. Methods In situ sampling of the final rinse water for the flexible endoscopes was carried out in the hospitals, the membrane filtration method was applied for culture and identification, meanwhile, the questionnaire survey on dis-infection of the rinsing water quality was also conducted. Results A total of 133 final rinse water samples were collected, with an overall qualified rate of 74.4%. The median bacterial colony counts of the unqualified water samples was 650. There were no significant statistical differences among various institutions in terms of the service life of water equipment and the replacement of consumables. However, public institutions performed better in disinfection equipment and water quality monitoring. Univariate analysis showed that the type of institution, water supply method, presence of a continuous disinfection device, and the time of consumable replacement affected water quality. Multifactorial analysis showed significant effects of owner shiptype (OR=3.767, 95%CI 1.123-12.638), continuous disinfection device (OR=6.883, 95%CI 2.137-22.167) and consumable replacement time (OR=1.933, 95%CI 1.295-2.883). Conclusion The investment of final rinsing water for the flexible endoscopes in medical institutions at all levels in Hefei City is relatively robust. However, there is a need to further strengthen the management of water system maintenance, supervision, and disinfection to ensure the quality of endoscope cleaning and reduce the risk of related infections.
Objective To investigate the disinfection quality and main existing problems in private dental clinics in Kunshan City, and to provide a scientific basis for improving regulatory effectiveness and enhancing the treatment environment. Methods From 2023 to 2025, onsite special inspections were conducted on private dental clinics in Kunshan City. Each year, approximately 20% of the private dental clinics within the jurisdiction were sampled for inspection. The sampled items included total bacterial counts on clinic surfaces, clinic air, and healthcare workers' hands, as well as ultraviolet (UV) irradiance and aerobic bacteria, anaerobic bacteria, and fungi on dental instruments. Results A total of 2,344 clinic visits were investigated, and 744 samples were collected. The overall qualification rate of the sampled institutions was 79.8%, with a sample qualification rate of 96.5%, showing an upward trend. Major issues identified included noncompliant external packaging labeling of sterilized dental instruments, failure to promptly render harmless used disposable needles after use, and noncompliant hand hygiene among healthcare workers. From 2023 to 2025, 63 dental clinics were penalized, with case causes including failure to comply with relevant national standards and specifications, and failure to strictly implement disinfection and isolation systems as required. Conclusion Private dental clinics in Kunshan City exhibited problems such as wet packs and nonstandard labeling; however, both the number of identified issues and administrative penalties have decreased. Disinfection quality still requires continuous improvement.
Objective To analyze the monitoring results of drinking water quality and to provide a scientific basis for improving domestic drinking water quality. Methods Water quality monitoring points were established in 12 counties (cities, districts) of Wenzhou City from 2021 to 2023, and water quality monitoring was conducted during the wet season and dry season. Samples of urban, rural, and secondary water supply were collected, tested, and the results were analyzed. Results A total of 3,808 drinking water samples were collected from 2021 to 2023, with an overall qualification rate of 97.64%. The annual qualification rates were 95.91%, 97.40%, and 99.20%, respectively($\mathit{\chi} ^2$=28.44, P<0.001). The qualification rate in the dry season was 97.59%, and that in the wet season was 97.69%, with no statistically significant difference ($\mathit{\chi} ^2$=0.04, P=0.83). Both urban and rural drinking water achieved high qualification rates of 98.58% and 97.12%, respectively. No statistically significant difference was observed among different water sample types, including finished water (97.46%), tap water (97.38%), and secondary water supply (98.94%) ($\mathit{\chi} ^2$=4.96, P=0.08). Among the non-compliant indicators, total coliforms (0.79%), turbidity (0.76%), and thermotolerant coliforms (0.53%) ranked the top three in exceedance rates. Sodium hypochlorite (88.26%) and liquid chlorine (7.14%) were the main disinfectants used for drinking water treatment. Conclusion The quality of drinking water in Wenzhou City is generally satisfactory. However, risks of microbial contamination from total coliforms and thermotolerant coliforms, as well as chemical contamination from manganese, cadmium, and other indicators, still exist. Enhanced monitoring and management are required.
Objective To investigate the microbial contamination of dental unit waterlines inmedical institutions of Dalian, and to analyze its influencing factors. Methods A questionnaire was designed to collect the basic information, disinfection methods and frequency of dental units in the stomatology department or dental clinic of a general hospital by on-site inquiry. Water samples were collected for colony count to determine whether the water samples were qualified, and the factors affecting the eligibility of water samples were explored. Results A total of 46 dental units were investigated, and 438 water samples were collected, of which 182 were qualified, with a qualified rate of 41.55%. The qualified rate of source water was 68.57%. Among different types of water sources, the qualified rate of water samples from water supply tanks was the highest (90.91%). Among the different types of treatment water, the qualified rate of water for dental handpiece was the lowest (33.08%), and there was a statistically significant difference in the contamination between the dental triple syringe water and mouthwash without pre-flushing and pre-flushing (P<0.05). Conclusions The microbial contamination of oral water in medical institutions in Dalian is serious. Short service life of dental units, large daily treatment volume, pre-washing and disinfection of waterlines are the factors to reduce the contamination of dental unit waterlines.
Objective Comparison of the effect of multienzyme detergent immersion pretreatment and spray foam enzyme moisturizing pretreatment on surgical instrument cleaning. Methods Search CNKI, VIP, WanFang, China Biomedical Literature Database, PubMed, Web of Science, Embase and Cochrane Library.The retrieval time limit was from the establishment of database to June 2024. A randomized controlled experimental study to screen the effect of multienzyme cleaner immersion pretreatment versus spray foam enzyme pretreatment on surgical instrument cleaning was conducted using Stata17 software for Meta-analysis. Results A total of 8 articles were included.The Meta-analysis results showed that Visual cleaning pass rate（OR=1.04，95%CI 1.00-1.09，P=0.07）,ATP test pass rate（OR=1.10，95%CI 0.93-1.31，P=0.27）,protein residue test pass rate（OR=1.06，95%CI 0.92-1.23，P=0.41）,the difference was not statistically significant.Spray foam enzyme moisturizing pretreatment was superior to multi-enzyme detergent immersion pretreatment in terms of passing rate of occult blood test, and the difference was statistically significant（OR=1.13，95%CI 1.05-1.21，P<0.01）. Conclusion Spray foam enzyme moisturizing pre-treatment demonstrated superior efficacy to multi-enzyme detergent immersion pre-treatment in removing occult blood from surgical instruments. No significant differences were observed between the two methods in other evaluated aspects.
Objective To analyze the disinfection quality results of private hospitals in Zhangjiagang from 2019 to 2023, so as to identify weak links in disinfection, and propose improvement measures. Methods According to the “Hospital Disinfection Health Standards” and other standards, the disinfection quality of multiple departments in private hospitals within the Zhangjiagang jurisdiction, including operating rooms (delivery rooms), nurse stations in wards, and supply rooms, was monitored from 2019 to 2023. Results A total of 2 452 samples were collected and monitored, of which 2 370 were qualified, with an overall pass rate of 94.21%. During the five years, the disinfection pass rate of secondary comprehensive and above private hospitals was as high as 96.46%, primary comprehensive hospitals was 93.50%, and specialized hospitals was the lowest at 92.02%, with statistically significant differences ($\mathit{\chi} ^2$=14.885, P=0.001). The disinfection pass rate of the three types of private hospitals over the five years showed an initial increase followed by a decline, with a significant drop in specialized hospital in 2023. Among the seven categories of disinfection projects, including indoor air, object surface, hand hygiene, disinfectant in use, sterilized instruments, endoscopes, and pressure steam sterilizers, the highest pass rate was for pressure steam sterilizers (100%), and the lowest was for hand hygiene (84.75%). Conclusion From 2019 to 2023, the overall disinfection quality of private hospitals in Zhangjiagang is favorable. However, attention needs to be paid to the disinfection status of specialized and unclassified hospitals, and the management of hand hygiene in private hospitals should be strengthened.
Objective To understand the disinfection monitoring status of medical institutions at all levels in Yuexiu District of Guangzhou, and to improve healthcare quality. Methods Based on standards such as the Hygienic Standard for Hospital Disinfection, monitoring was conducted in medical institutions within the district for four consecutive years. The compliance rate and trends of disinfection monitoring results were analyzed. Results From 2021 to 2024, a total of 3 453 samples were tested, with an overall compliance rate of 95.97%. Over the four years, the compliance rate in the secondary and above hospitals showed a declining trend ($\mathit{\chi} ^2$trend=9.363, P<0.05). The compliance rates for the secondary and above hospitals, the primary hospitals, and ungraded hospitals were 95.56%, 98.22%, and 95.52% respectively. Compliance rates for indoor air, healthcare workers' hands, and ultraviolet lamps improved from 2023 to 2024, while those for medical water and sewage significantly decreased. The secondary and above hospitals had lower compliance in medical water (61.67%), whereas ungraded hospitals showed lower compliance in healthcare workers' hand hygiene (88.77%) and ultraviolet lamp radiation (95.67%) intensity. Conclusion The overall qualification rate of disinfection quality in healthcare facilities in Yuexiu District, Guangzhou, is relatively high; however, a declining trend is observed in the secondary and above hospitals, with dental water and medical wastewater treatment identified as the major weak links, requiring targeted reinforcement of supervision.
Objective To investigate the current management status of Central Sterile Supply Departments (CSSD) in sentinel hospitals nationwide. Methods A self-developed was used to conduct an online survey and analysis of the first batch of sentinel hospitals. Results A total of 793 hospitals nationwide submitted complete data with a 100% rate, mainly consisting of public tertiary hospitals. The centralized management rate of reusable medical devices in the CSSD of sentinel hospitals was 98.36%; 65.0% of CSSD heads had been in their positions for over 5 years; among those with professional technical titles in nursing or medicine, the proportion of junior and intermediate titles was highest 89.65%; among CSSD-related equipment and facilities, sterilization equipment accounted for the highest proportion at 38.83%; and the use of barcodes information traceability was 80.25%. Conclusion The centralized management rate of reusable medical devices should be further improved, professional training for CSSD staff should be strengthened, technical should be upgraded, and the informatization level of the traceability system should be advanced.
Objective To analyze the detection rate and distribution characteristics of multidrug-resistant organism (MDRO) infections in a tertiary hospital from 2022 to 2024, and to provide reference for the prevention and control of MDROs. Methods A retrospective analysis of MDRO targeted monitoring conducted in our hospital from 2022 to 2024 was performed, for analyzing the detection rates, distribution characteristics, and hospital-acquired infection (HAI) occurrences. Results From 2022 to 2024, the overall detection rate of MDROs in hospitalized patients was 11.41%. The most commonly detected multidrug-resistant bacteria were CR-AB (40.80%-45.89%), MRSA (29.21%-31.92%), and CR-PA (13.64%-17.18%). The detection rate of CR-AB remained stable, while CR-PA showed an increasing trend each year, with significant annual differences (P<0.05). The main specimen sources of MDROs were sputum (59.89%), with MRSA, CR-PA, and CR-AB primarily detected in sputum, while VRE was mostly found in urine. The ICU had the highest incidence of MDRO infections, accounting for 35.43%, followed by the respiratory and neurosurgery departments. The annual incidence of MDRO hospital infections was 0.09%, CR-AB, MRSA, and CR-PA were the main pathogens of MDRO hospital infections, accounting for 40.73%, 22.66%, and 15.21%, respectively. The lower respiratory tract was the most common infection site (56.93%). The ICU, neurosurgery, and burn and plastic surgery departments were the primary infection departments. Conclusion MDRO infections in our hospital primarily occur in high-risk departments such as the ICU, with the lower respiratory tract being the most common infection site. CR-AB, MRSA, and CR-PA are the common pathogens.
