Objective To evaluate the disinfection effect of a kind of adsorption-reaction chlorine-containing cerium-zirconium nano-oxide on object surfaces. Methods The disinfection effect of chlorine-containing cerium-zirconium nano-oxides on the surfaces contaminated by bacteria was observed under different conditions, using Escherichia coli, Staphylococcus aureus and Bacillus subtilis var. niger spores as microbial indicator bacteria, and its disinfection conditions were clarified. Results When the dispersion densities were 50 g/m2 and the action times were 5 min, the killing log values for Escherichia coli and Staphylococcus aureus were 4.0 and 3.5 respectively. When the dispersion densities was 100 g/m2 and the action time was 4 h, the killing log values for Bacillus subtilis var. niger spores was 3.3, all meeting with the disinfection requirements. The relative standard deviations of the killing log values of the 3 kinds of indicator bacteria contaminated on the surfaces of ceramics, glass and painted coatings by this oxide were <10%. Under room temperature conditions, when the dispersion densities were 10, 10 and 20 g/m2, and the action times for Escherichia coli, Staphylococcus aureus and Bacillus subtilis var. niger spores were 10 min, 10 min and 12 h respectively, the killing log values were 3.2, 3.1 and 3.6 in turn. Conclusion The chlorine-containing cerium-zirconium nano-oxide has a good killing effect on bacteria, and is not affected by the carrier materials of ceramics, glass and painted coating. When disinfecting bacterial vegetative forms, the dispersion densities should be ≥10 g/m2 with the action time ≥10 min; when disinfecting bacterial spores, the dispersion densities should be ≥20 g/m2 with the action time ≥12 h.
Objective To investigate the simultaneous determination of five disinfection byproducts (DBPs) and other substances in drinking water using ion chromatography. Methods An ion chromatography method was employed with a KOH eluent online generation system to achieve multi-step gradient elution ( 5 - 60 mmol/L). A high-capacity and high-efficiency IonPac AS20 column (4 mm×250 mm) was selected for separation. Water samples were filtered through a 0.22 $\mu$m membrane before analysis. An inhibitory conductivity detector was applied to simultaneously determine five DBPs (ClO2-, BrO3-, DCAA, ClO3-, TCAA), perchlorate (ClO4-), and nine other ions or compounds (F-, Cl-, NO2-, NO3-, SO42-, CrO42-, 2,4-D, glyphosate, bentazone) in drinking water to evaluate their effectiveness. Results An Ion Chromatography method was established, and parameters including flow rate, column temperature, eluent gradient and detector temperature were optimized. The 15 target analytes exhibited good linearity within their respective concentration ranges, with correlation coefficients of 0.999 4 - 0.999 9. The method demonstrated limits of detection (LOD) of 0.106 - 1.490 $\mu$g/L, and limits of quantification (LOQ) of 0.353 - 4.967 $\mu$g/L. The spiked recoveries were in the range of 95.65% to 104.1%, with relative standard deviations of 0.13% - 3.91%. Conclusion The Ion Chromatography method established in this study is rapid, simple to operate, and exhibits high accuracy and stability. It enables the simultaneous analysis of 15 target compounds with just a single injection, making it suitable for high-throughput, multi-component analysis of drinking water in basic-level laboratories.
Objective To develop a negative pressure suction gun and to evaluate its application effect in the cleaning of rigid endoscopic lumen instruments. Methods A total of 400 rigid endoscopic instruments to be cleaned after surgery were divided into two groups, each group including 120 non-blind end lumen instruments and 80 blind end lumen instruments. The control group was washed with a high-pressure water gun, and the experimental group was sucked and cleaned with a negative pressure suction gun. The cleaning quality of the two groups was observed by visual inspection and ATP bioluminescence method, and the bacterial content in the air of the cleaning operation environment was detected by plate exposure method. Results There was no significant difference in the qualified rate of cleaning of non-blind end lumen instruments between the two groups ( visual method 93.8% vs 96.7%; ATP bioluminescence method 93.3% vs 92.5%; P> 0.05) ; the qualified rate of cleaning of rigid endoscopic blind end lumen instruments in the experimental group was higher than that in the control group ( visual method 98.8% vs 90.0%; ATP bioluminescence assay 96.3% vs 81.3%; P<0.05). The average air bacterial content in the experimental group after operation was 0.9 cfu/( plate · 5 min ), which was lower than that in the control group [19.6 cfu/(plate·5 min)], and the difference was statistically significant ( t = 41.547, P<0.001 ). Conclusion Compared with the use of high-pressure water gun, the use of the designed negative pressure suction gun can improve the cleaning effect of the blind end lumen instruments of rigid endoscopes, and the bacterial pollution in the operating environment is also less.
Objective To determine the disinfection-related optical characteristics of 222 nm KrCl excimer lamp produced by different manufacturers to evaluate their practical application efficacy. Methods Four 222 nm KrCl excimer lamps from different brands were selected. Spectra of both unfiltered light sources and filtered light sources were measured, along with irradiance levels recorded every 0.5 h during operation durations ≤8 h. Spectral peak shifts, stray bands, and half-bandwidths were compared, and the impact of filters on light source irradiance was analyzed. Results All four unfiltered sources exhibited a minor peak in the 250-260 nm band and noise bands in the 230-240 nm range. Irradiance showed significant variation within the initial 0.5 h, followed by slight increases or decreases over extended operation, with a maximum decline of ≤10%. After filtering, the irradiance loss rate for the four light sources ranged from 30% to 54%. Light source A showed no significant irradiance decay after filtering. Light sources B and C exhibited initial decay within the first 0.5 h but maintained relatively stable irradiance thereafter. Light source D demonstrated a lower decay rate than the unfiltered source during the first 3 h of operation, followed by a rapid decline thereafter. Conclusion When selecting a 222 nm ultraviolet excimer light source for disinfection, products equipped with filters capable of removing stray bands should be prioritized. Additionally, the operating time should be adjusted to minimize light source irradiance loss and ensure disinfection efficacy.
Objective To investigate the resistance patterns and antibiotic resistance gene carriage of carbapenem-resistant Klebsiella pneumoniae (CRKP) in a hospital, and to provide a basis for the prevention and control of multidrug-resistant bacterial infections. Methods 44 strains of CRKP clinical isolates from hospitalized patients were analyzed for resistance genes using pathogen isolation and genetic detection techniques PCR. Results CRKP exhibited high resistance to imipenem and meropenem, with resistance rates of 93.18% and 100.00% respectively. It showed lower resistance to amikacin and tigecycline, at rates of 38.63% and 9.10% respectively. All strains were sensitive to polymyxin B. All 44 CRKP strains showed 100.00%, 97.73%, 29.55%, and 6.82% carriage rates for blaTEM, blaKPC-2, blaSHV, and tet (A) resistance genes respectively, with multiple resistance genes co-carried. The highest co-carriage rate (61.36%) was observed for blaTEM and blaCTX-M, followed by 20.45% for blaTEM, blaCTX-M, and blaSHV. One CRKP strain was found to carry five resistance genes simultaneously. All 22 CRKP strains from sputum specimens were found to carry blaKPC-2 and blaTEM, with 6 strains showing blaSHV and 3 strains possessing blaCTX-M. 26 CRKP strains from the intensive care unit (ICU) were all positive for blaKPC-2 and blaTEM, while 17 strains from neurosurgery departments all carried blaTEM. Conclusion The CRKP clinical isolates from this hospital harbor multiple drug resistance genes and demonstrate high resistance rates to various antimicrobial agents. It is imperative to enhance pathogen detection in sputum specimens and implement proactive screening for multidrug-resistant bacteria in critical care units and neurosurgery departments.
Objective To observe of the disinfection effect of four types of disinfectant wipes on the surfaces of different parts of wheelchairs. Methods The surface materials of different contact parts of the wheelchair were divided into uncoated fabric group, coated fabric group, and polyurethane material armrest group. Quantitative bactericidal test method was used to detect the disinfection efficacy of disinfectant wipes,which contain effective chlorine 102 mg/L disinfectant, 75% ethanol, 10 g/L hydrogen peroxide disinfectant, and 4 500 mg/L quaternary ammonium salt disinfectant on surface contaminated bacteria of the materials. Results Four types of disinfectant wipes were used to wipe and disinfect the surfaces of three groups of materials for 5 minutes, and the average killing logarithm of Staphylococcus aureus and Escherichia coli on the surface of the wheelchair was above 3.0. Conclusion The surface of different parts of the wheelchair is wiped and disinfected with four types of disinfectant wipes, and the disinfection requirements can be met after 5 min of contact.
Objective To understand the current situation of disinfection in childcare institutions in Yunnan Province, so as to provide a scientific basis for improving disinfection quality. Methods Using questionnaire survey and sampling monitoring methods, 15 municipal (prefecture) childcare institutions in Yunnan Province were investigated from 2022 to 2024 to investigate the current situation of disinfection management and test the disinfection quality of different monitoring items. Results A survey of 87 childcare institutions showed that the implementation rates of disinfection and isolation system, daily disinfection system, ventilation system and the allocation of disinfection supervision personnel were high, all over 90%; but the implementation rate of disinfection effect evaluation was low, only 41.38%. A total of 108 childcare institutions were monitored, and 9 972 samples of monitoring objects were collected. The average total qualified rate was 88.92%, and the annual qualified rates were 88.46%,88.40% and 92.93%, respectively. The qualified rate of childcare institutions in second-tier, fourth-tier and fifth-tier cities was 96.22%, 93.18% and 85.13%, respectively. The qualified rate of object surface, tableware and staff hand was 91.12%,89.02% and 80.34%, respectively. The qualified rates of tableware and staff hand hygiene in public childcare institutions were 92.13% and 82.44%, respectively, both higher than those in private childcare institutions (85.35% and 77.99%; P<0.05). Conclusion The quality of disinfection in childcare institutions in Yunnan Province is generally good. It is necessary to strengthen the supervision of disinfection in private childcare institutions and the training of staff hand hygiene, and promote the standardization of disinfection management, so as to improve the overall health level.
Objective To understand the current situation of disinfection of schools and kindergartens in Longgang District of Shenzhen, and to standardize the disinfection of schools and kindergartens. Methods A questionnaire was used to investigate the disinfection work of 54 schools and 59 kindergartens in the district. Results The staff involved in disinfection accounted for 12.12% of the total staff, and the full-time disinfection staff accounted for 46.22%. 97.35% of them supervised the ventilation of window opening, and 93.81% of them ventilated the window opening twice or more, while 75.22% of them ventilated the window opening for more than 30 minutes each time; 31.86% of the activity rooms and 18.58% of the isolation observation rooms had inadequate hand hygiene facilities; 51.33% cleaned the ultraviolet lamp once a week, and 46.90% monitored the strength of the lamp tube. Commonly used disinfectants were chlorine-containing disinfectant powder or effervescent tablets, 75% ethanol and chlorine dioxide. Conclusion The disinfection staff of schools and kindergartens in Longgang district is insufficient, the hand hygiene facilities are not perfect, and the disinfection measures are not in place. The training and supervision of disinfection personnel should be strengthened to ensure the disinfection effect.
Objective To understand the indoor air microbial contamination and ultraviolet (UV) lamp usage status, and to evaluate air disinfection efficacy of ultraviolet lamps in some childcare institutions in Anhui Province, so as to provide a reference for improving infectious disease prevention and control measures. Methods The convenience sampling method was used to select childcare institutions in the two cities in the north and south of the province. On-site investigation of indoor air microbial contamination and ultraviolet lamp usage was conducted, and the irradiance of ultraviolet lamps on site was measured. The effect of air disinfection with ultraviolet lamp was evaluated by flat plate exposure method for two seasons. Results The total number of natural bacterial colonies in 22 childcare institutions was 0.2-194 cfu/ (dish·15 min). The qualified rate of ultraviolet lamp irradiance was 63.4%, the rooms with required irradiance power density accounted for 5.8%, and the qualified rate of air disinfection was 67.4%. The air disinfection qualified rate in summer-autumn childcare institutions was significantly lower than that in winter-spring (21.43% vs 87.50%; $\chi$2 =16.457, P<0.001). Similarly, the qualified rate in northern Anhui was lower than that in southern Anhui (33.33% vs 89.29%; $\chi$2 =15.609, P<0.001). Conclusions Air microbial contamination in childcare institutions was obvious. The qualified rate of ultraviolet lamp irradiance and air disinfection effect was low. Indoor natural ventilation should be strengthened, and the management and use of ultraviolet lamps should be standardized.
Objective To investigate the disinfection quality and temporal trends of childcare institutions in Ninghai County, Zhejiang Province, and to provide a basis for improving the disinfection effect of county-level childcare institutions. Methods By using retrospective survey method, the disinfection monitoring data of childcare institutions in Ninghai County from 2012 to 2024 were collected and collated, and the differences of disinfection qualification rate among different years, projects and scale groups were analyzed. Results A total of 154 institution-times of monitoring of kindergartens were monitored, with 3 992 samples of different disinfection objects were collected. The average total qualified rate of disinfection was 85.52%, showing an overall upward trend ($\chi$2trend= 9.150, P=0.002). The disinfection qualification rate of different monitored items from highest to lowest were tableware, indoor air, drinking water, object surfaces, UV lamps, baby towels, and staff hands ($\chi$2trend= 443.549, P<0.001). The disinfection qualification rate in urban and rural childcare institutions showed consistent performance ($\chi$2=0.190, P=0.663). Conclusion The overall disinfection quality of childcare institutions in Ninghai County is poor, and the disinfection effect of some objects urgently needs to be improved.
Objective To investigate relevant institutions' awareness regarding GB 28232—2020 Hygienic requirements for ozone disinfector, implementation effectiveness, existing problems, and revision suggestions. Methods In September 2024, information on ozone disinfector ion device manufacturers, products, and references to GB 28232—2020 standards was searched through the internet. A questionnaire-based survey was conducted among ozone disinfector manufacturers, testing institutions, supervisory institutions, and medical information collect data on their awareness, satisfaction, and revision suggestions regarding GB 28232—2020. Results A total of 236 ozone disinfection device manufacturers were identified, involving 509 products; 13 standards referenced GB 28232—2020. The awareness rates of GB 28232—2020 among staff from manufacturers, testing institutions, and medical institutions were 95.0%, 100.0%, and 70.0% respectively. Among manufacturers, 85.0% believed the standard improved their products, and 95.0% were satisfied with its implementation effect. All respondents from testing institutions, supervisory institutions, and medical institutions reported that GB 28232—2020 improved or helped their work and expressed satisfaction with the standard. Additionally, 52.6% of manufacturers, 92.3% of testing institutions, and 83.3% of supervisory institutions' staff believed no adjustments to the standard's clauses/indicators were necessary. Conclusion This survey indicates that domestic manufacturers, testing institutions, and supervisory institutions have a high awareness of GB 28232—2020, and users are generally satisfied with the standard. However, the awareness and application of this standard in medical institutions need further improvement.
Objective To investigate the current status of multidrug-resistant organism (MDRO) infections in a general hospital and to establish a time series model to forecast the incidence trends of MDRO-associated nosocomial infections. Methods Using retrospective investigation and statistical analysis methods, MDRO infection data among hospitalized patients in a hospital from 2010 to 2023 was conducted. The optimal time series prediction model for hospital MDRO infection was established. The prediction effect of MDRO infection data from January to June 2024 was validated. Results A total of 342 069 hospitalized patients were surveyed, among whom 2 198 cases had MDRO infections with an average prevalence rate of 0.64%. 382 cases of MDRO hospital-acquired infections, representing incidence nosocomial infection rate of 0.11%. The in-hospital prevalence rate of MDRO showed a increasing trend from 2010 to 2023 ($\chi$2趋势=44.891, P<0.001). The MDRO nosocomial infection department primarily involved the intensive care unit (51.57%) and neurosurgery (11.26%). The most common infection sites were the respiratory system (71.47%) and urinary tract (18.06%). The predominant pathogens were Acinetobacter baumannii (46.60%), Escherichia coli (16.23%), and Staphylococcus aureus (15.18%). The ARIMA (2,0,2)(0,0,1) model demonstrated the best predictive performance for MDRO-associated nosocomial infection incidence rates, achieving a stable coefficient of determination (R2) of 0.746.The application of this model predicted the prevalence of MDRO hospital-acquired infections in the first half of 2024, and the predicted values were within the 95% confidence interval of the actual values. Conclusion Hospitals should strengthen the monitoring of MDRO infections and analyze infection rate trends in key departments and critical areas. The ARIMA(2,0,2)(0,0,1) model has demonstrated strong short-term predictive performance for MDRO-associated nosocomial infections.
Objective To explore the risk factors of postoperative nosocomial infection in patients with complex cerebrovascular disease and to provide evidence for nosocomial infection prevention and control. Methods A retrospective survey was conducted to collect clinical and imaging data of patients undergoing complex neurosurgery for complicated cerebrovascular disease from January 2020 to April 2023, and the characteristics and risk factors of nosocomial infection were analyzed. Results Among 119 surgical patients, 28 cases of nosocomial infection occurred, with an infection rate of 23.53%. The main site of infection was the surgical site, accounting for 58.82%. The duration of surgery, intraoperative blood loss, perioperative blood transfusion, and surgical incision length were the influencing factors of hospital infection (P<0.05), among which surgical incision length was an independent risk factor (P<0.05). Conclusion The incidence of nosocomial infections is relatively high in patients with complex cerebrovascular disease undergoing combined surgery, with surgical site infections being the most common. For high-risk individuals, surgical time should be shortened and surgical incisions reduced in a timely manner, perioperative infection prevention and control should be strengthened, and aseptic procedures should be strictly implemented to reduce the occurrence of hospital infections after surgery.
Objective To investigate the air purification methods and the use of air disinfection equipment in fever clinics of municipal tertiary hospitals in Beijing. Methods Questionnaires were used to investigate the air purification methods, air disinfection equipment and their usage in the fever clinics of 27 hospital districts. Results Among the 14 general hospitals campus and 13 specialized hospitals campus, 12 campuses in each category established fever clinics, with establishment rates of 85.71% and 92.31%, respectively. The number of fever outpatient visits in general hospital campuses was 5.40 times that in specialized hospitals, while the usable area was only 2.85 times that in specialized hospitals. In more than 80% of the 24 hospital campuses, the consulting and waiting areas, as well as the observation and infusion areas, were naturally or simply mechanically ventilated. 76.2% of the hospital campuses had air conditioning and ventilation systems installed in the radiation examination area. 79.2% and 62.5% of campuses respectively used ultraviolet ceiling lights or mobile ultraviolet lights for terminal disinfection in unmanned conditions, and took protective measures and regular maintenance, but a few did not take protective measures and had no professional operation. Conclusion The air purification methods in the fever clinics and waiting areas of the surveyed hospitals are mainly natural or simple mechanical ventilation. The purification method still needs improvement and monitoring.
