消毒供应中心（CSSD）的器械清洗是保障医疗安全的关键环节。本文综述了影响 CSSD 器械清洗质量的主要因素，涵盖人为因素、器械因素、环节因素和管理因素，并从实践层面、培训层面和管理层面进一步探讨了提升清洗质量的干预策略，但复杂器械的清洗、新技术的普及应用以及确保各项标准和指南的严格执行仍面临挑战，未来研究需聚焦于新型复杂器械的清洗方案、干预措施的成本效益分析以及促进指南有效转化和持续改进的策略，以期不断提升 CSSD 器械清洗质量，最大限度地降低医院相关感染风险，保障患者安全。

近年来，通过空气传播的各类新发传染病频繁发生，使得空气消毒技术也备受关注；空气消毒技术是利用不同方法对空气中的微生物、病毒和有害气体进行消毒和净化的技术。随着空气消毒技术的迅速发展，紫外线消毒技术由于其高效、安全的特点，成为当前研究和应用的热点，此外，等离子体消毒技术凭借其广谱杀菌能力和持续消毒效果，也逐渐受到关注；与此同时，传统的化学消毒方法在特定环境下仍具有一定的应用价值。本文以空气消毒技术为主题，介绍了各种技术的基本原理，并梳理了其研究脉络，详细叙述了空气消毒技术的研究现状和进展，分析讨论了应用场景和实用性前景，探讨空气消毒技术的发展趋势。

Objective To investigate the physicochemical properties of a novel compound potassium monopersulfate disinfectant and to provide references for its disinfection applications. Methods Physicochemical testing techniques were used to investigate and observe the relevant physicochemical properties of this novel disinfectant containing potassium monopersulfate compound salt, including the effective component content, pH, and metal corrosivity. Results The novel compound potassium monopersulfate disinfectant was a white powder with an active oxygen content of 2.87%. After preparing a disinfectant solution with a concentration of 1 000 mg/L and leaving it for 1 h, the active oxygen content reached a peak of 49.7 mg/L; within 3 days, the active oxygen content could be maintained at over 90% of the initial concentration. The pH range of the disinfectant solution with a concentration of 1 000-6 000 mg/L was 2.43-3.00. 3 types of disinfectants showed moderate corrosion to aluminum, carbon steel, and copper wafers, but had essentially no corrosion to stainless steel wafers. Conclusion The compound potassium monopersulfate disinfectant shows stable physicochemical properties. The decrease in effective components in the solution is related to its preparation concentration and storage time, and it exhibits corrosivity to metals.

Objective To verify the disinfection effect of a compound quaternary ammonium salt disinfectant on microbiology laboratories. Methods Suspension quantitative bactericidal test and carrier quantitative bactericidal test were used to verify the bactericidal effect of the compound quaternary ammonium salt disinfectant. Results In the microbial counting method for the compound quaternary ammonium salt disinfectant, pH 7.0 sterile sodium chloride-peptone buffer containing 3% polysorbate 80 and 0.3% lecithin was used as the diluent, and the recovery rate of 5 standard bacteria could meet the requirements of 0.5~2 with a dilution level of 1:10 and an inoculation volume of 1 mL/dish. In the verification test of disinfectant bactericidal effect, when using the suspension method, the killing logarithm values of Staphylococcus aureus, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, and Escherichia coli were all >5.00, and the killing logarithm values of Candida albicans and Aspergillus niger were all ≥4.00, and the killing logarithm values of environmental microorganisms were all ≥3.00; When using the carrier method, the killing logarithm values of standard bacterial strains and environmental microorganisms on several material carriers were all ≥3.00. Conclusion The compound quaternary ammonium salt disinfectant has a good killing effect on standard bacterial strains and environmental microorganisms, and can be used for disinfection in pharmaceutical microbiology laboratories.

Objective To observe the killing and bacteriostatic effects of compound Atractylodes lancea oil on natural bacteria in indoor air, and to explore human sensory acceptability of its odor, so as to providing a basis for the application feasibility of compound Atractylodes lancea oil as an air fumigant. Methods The plate sedimentation method and bacterial culture were used to determine the killing and bacteriostatic effects of the compound oil on natural bacteria in indoor air, with conventional ultraviolet disinfection as the control. Meanwhile, the 9-point hedonic scale was adopted to evaluate human acceptability of the odor. Results The compound preparation formulated with plant essential oils such as Atractylodes lancea, mugwort leaf, and wild chrysanthemum achieved a killing rate of 78.4%-79.5% against natural bacteria in indoor air after 60 min of natural volatilization. 6 h after stopping volatilization, the bacteriostatic rate remained at 62.0%-67.0%. For the control group, conventional ultraviolet irradiation for 60 min resulted in a killing rate of 79.3% against natural bacteria in indoor air, and the bacteriostatic rate was maintained at 58.1% 6 h after irradiation cessation. Among different formulations of compound Atractylodes lancea oil used for indoor air treatment, the blend of Atractylodes lancea oil, wild chrysanthemum oil, and rose oil showed the highest odor acceptability among 50 subjects. Conclusion The compound Atractylodes lancea oil exhibits certain killing and bacteriostatic effects on indoor air bacteria, and can be used for indoor air disinfection and odor treatment.

Objective To understand the current status and characteristics of bloodborne occupational exposure among healthcare workers in a tertiary hospital, and to provide references for improving occupational health protection measures for medical personnel. Methods A retrospective analysis was conducted on the data of healthcare workers who experienced bloodborne occupational exposure from January 2015 to December 2024 in a tertiary hospital. Results Over the past decade, a total of 347 occupational exposure incidents occurred in the hospital. Nursing staff accounted for the highest proportion of exposed personnel (55.62%), followed by medical trainees (25.36%) and clinical physicians (15.56%). Percutaneous sharp injuries were the most common exposure route (89.34%), followed by contamination of wounds or mucous membranes (11.66%). The main exposure scenarios included clinical procedures (50.39%), instrument sorting (31.10%), and needle removal (18.50%). Hepatitis B virus was the most frequent exposure source (40.92%). The widely recommended first aid measure for sharp injury exposures was first by squeezing the wound to express blood, followed by rinsing and disinfection. Conclusion Nursing staff experience the highest proportion of occupational exposures, primarily involving sharp injuries during clinical procedures, with hepatitis B virus being the most common source. The correct first aid procedure is to squeeze the wound first, then to rinse and disinfect it.

为解决急性呼吸道传染病疫情后建筑资源浪费问题，合理高效地使用公共卫生资源，“平疫结合”病房转换成为医疗建筑设计与应急管理领域的研究热点。转换按不同维度的技术属性分为空间布局转换、机电系统转换和应急储备机制，主要转换措施包括添加/拆除移动隔板、卫生通道及房间重分配、调节空调排风系统和正负压病房启用运行等。本文重点介绍了我国“平疫结合”转换病房建设现状，并对主要转化措施存在的问题及应对策略进行初步探讨，以期为医疗机构新建、改扩建“平疫两用”病房提供技术参考。

随着微创外科技术的快速发展，达芬奇机器人手术系统因其显著优势获得广泛应用。然而，该系统的器械结构精细复杂，清洗灭菌难度较大，直接关乎手术安全与医疗成本控制，且其器械清洗、监测及灭菌面临挑战和标准的缺失。本综述系统梳理了近年来该领域的进展现况，围绕清洗方法、效果监测与灭菌技术三大主题，依操作流程的逻辑框架展开论述。发现手工联合机械清洗、多种监测手段结合使用，以及依据器械属性选择压力蒸汽或低温灭菌方式，成为当前共识性的实践方向。尽管如此，该领域仍存在标准化流程尚未统一、清洗效果评估仍偏主观等关键局限。展望未来，人工智能技术在实现智能化清洗监测与灭菌参数优化方面具备广阔应用前景。

Objective To compare the consistency of UV radiation dose indicator cards and photometers in evaluating the effect of UV sterilization on medical environment objects, and to provide a basis for rapid evaluation of UV disinfection effect in medical environment. Methods Test points on high-frequency contact surfaces within the ward were selected, and UV radiation photometers, a dose indicator card, and three types of bacterial carriers (Escherichia coli, Staphylococcus aureus, and Bacillus subtilis var. niger) were placed respectively. The ultraviolet disinfection lamp was activated for 30 min, and UV radiation photometers readings and the color changes of the dose indicator card were recorded. The bacterial carriers for colony count were collected. Results All 60 UV radiation dose indicator cards exhibited color change and passed the qualification test. The cumulative UV radiation dose displayed by the dose indicator cards was consistent with that shown by the photometer, and the main data showed significant positive correlation ( P<0.001 ) with the average logarithmic value of microbial inactivation for the three indicator microorganisms. Conclusion Using the ultraviolet radiation dose indicator card to evaluate the ultraviolet disinfection effect in a medical environment is convenient and reliable.

非洲猪瘟病毒（ASFV）为高致病性病原，感染家猪及野猪后致死率极高，全球50个国家受其影响，我国 2018 年首报疫情以来损失惨重，目前尚无特效疫苗与治疗药物，消毒是疫情控制的关键。本文综述了近年来ASFV最新分类情况、灭活方法进展以及国内外对非洲猪瘟疫情的防控措施。当前研究存在毒株差异、毒株少等局限，未来需推进疫苗研发、加强实验室研究及国际协作。

Objective To compare the efficacy of disinfecting disposable disinfectant wipes with other disinfecting methods in object surface wiping of medical institutions based on network Meta-analysis. Methods Two researchers independently searched Chinese and English databases with a search deadline of April 15, 2024, independently screened the literature and extracted data according to the inclusion and exclusion criteria, the outcome was qualified rate of disinfection,and network Meta-analysis was performed using STATA software. Results A total of 25 studies were included. The network meta-analysis indicated that at 30 minutes post-disinfection, wiping with 500 mg/L chlorine-containing disinfectant demonstrated a significantly higher qualification rate compared to wiping with 75% ethanol (OR=2.10, 95% CI = 1.16-3.82; P<0.05). No statistically significant differences in qualification rates were observed among other disinfectant types or application methods, such as between quaternary ammonium salt-based disinfectant wipes and wiping with 500 mg/L chlorine-containing disinfectant (OR= 1.36, 95% CI = 0.78-2.40; P >0.05). Among the results obtained at 1 h and 2 h after disinfection, there was no significant difference in the qualified rates of disinfection among all disinfection methods compared with each other. Conclusion Disinfection wipes with various ingredients demonstrate comparable efficacy to other disinfection methods, including wiping with chlorine-based disinfectants and 75% ethanol, meeting the surface disinfection requirements for medical facilities.

Objective To observe the disinfection effect of potassium monopersulfate disinfectant powder and to provide data support for practical disinfection applications. Methods The suspension quantitative sterilization test method was used to observe the disinfection effect of a certain potassium monopersulfate disinfectant powder. Results When treated with a disinfectant solution containing potassium monopersulfate at a concentration of 200 mg/L for 10 min, the killing logarithmic values of Escherichia coli and Pseudomonas aeruginosa in suspension were both >5.00; when treated for 20 min, the killing logarithmic value of Staphylococcus aureus in suspension was >5.00, and the killing logarithmic value of Candida albicans was >4.00. When treated with a disinfectant solution containing 1 000 mg/L potassium monopersulfate for 60 min, the killing logarithmic value of Bacillus subtilis var. niger spores in suspension was >5.00. When treated with a disinfectant solution containing 500 mg/L potassium monopersulfate for 20 min, and the killing logarithmic value of poliovirus in suspension was >4.00. Conclusion The potassium monopersulfate disinfectant powder has good disinfection effect, and has practical disinfection application prospects.

Objective To observe the disinfection effect and physicochemical properties of two kinds of peracetic acid disinfectants on flexible endoscopes. Methods On-site simulated disinfection experiments and physicochemical analysis methods were used to observe the disinfection effect and physicochemical properties of two kinds of peracetic acid disinfectants on flexible endoscopes. Results Flexible endoscopes were soaked in two kinds of peracetic acid disinfectants with a concentration of 1 000 mg/L for 5 min, and the killing logarithm values of Bacillus subtilis var. niger spores contaminated on the instruments were both >3.00. Two kinds of peracetic acid disinfectants still maintained qualified disinfection effects after using continuously for 14 d. Conclusion The two kinds of peracetic acid disinfectants used in this study have stable performance and good disinfection effects on flexible endoscopes.

Objective To understand the current status of cleaning and disinfection of flexible endoscopes in medical institutions in Shaanxi Province, so as to standardize the reprocessing procedures. Methods An on-site investigation was conducted across 42 medical institutions in the province to document the types of disinfectants used and the methods of cleaning and disinfection. Endoscopes reprocessed with different disinfectants and final rinse water were sampled on-site, and the results were statistically analyzed after culturing and colony counting. Results A total of 230 endoscopes from 42 medical institutions in 8 cities were monitored, with an overall qualification rate of 95.65%. This included 112 gastroscopes (94.6% qualified), 93 colonoscopes (96.8% qualified), and 25 bronchoscopes (96.0% qualified). Among the samples, 187 were from tertiary hospitals (95.7% qualified) and 43 from secondary hospitals (95.3% qualified). No statistically significant difference was observed in the qualification rates among the five disinfectants tested: ortho-phthalaldehyde, glutaraldehyde, peracetic acid, chlorine-based compounds, and electrolyzed oxidizing water (χ²=1.152, P >0.05). The highest qualification rate was observed for the combined manual and automated cleaning method (100%), while the lowest was for fully automated cleaning only (84.6%), with the difference being statistically significant (χ²=7.323, P <0.05). A total of 56 samples of final rinse water were collected, showing a qualification rate of only 62.5%, with severely elevated microbial counts. The qualification rates for final rinse water from tertiary and secondary hospitals were 61.9% and 64.3%, respectively, with no statistically significant difference (χ²=0.025, P >0.05). Conclusion While the monitoring results indicate a high qualification rate for endoscope disinfection in Shaanxi Province, the low qualification rate of final rinse water highlights the need to strengthen process evaluation of endoscope reprocessing in addition to disinfection efficacy assessment.

针对高等级生物安全实验室标识系统设置不够完善的现状，结合高等级生物安全实验室建设的特点、依托的标识设计规则，通过查阅文献、资料，结合自身工作需求及实际情况，重点考虑工作适用性、尺寸比例审美性、形态构造适应性及材料安全性，从辅助工作区和防护区分别对标识的选择、设计、尺寸、位置及材料进行规范化设置，定期对标识系统设置体系进行功能性指标（使用频率、导向性、信息量、可识别性）、美观性指标（设计风格、色彩搭配）、可持续性指标（使用寿命、颜色变化、更新换代、牢固性、存在风险、光照破坏）等量化评估，持续优化并更新完善标识系统。通过建立高等级生物安全实验室标识系统，不仅实现了“安全第一，预防为主”的原则，而且最大限度地避免高等级生物安全实验室安全事故的发生，为高等级生物安全实验室的安全管理保驾护航，保障实验室在研发、科研、教学等各项事业上优速发展。

Objective To evaluate the disinfection efficacy of plasma air disinfection machines in the dynamic hospital environment and to analyze the correlation between airborne colony counts and bioaerosol concentration along with influencing factors. Methods The natural sedimentation method and aerosol monitors were employed to measure airborne bacterial colony counts and aerosol concentrations in two groups of hospital wards—one equipped with plasma air disinfection devices and the other without. A multivariate linear regression analysis and correlation analysis were conducted to examine the relationship between airborne bacterial colony counts and aerosol concentrations in the experimental and control groups. Results After disinfection, the airborne colony count in the test group (2.66 ± 0.74) cfu/(plate · 5 min) was significantly lower than that in the control group (4.74 ± 2.59) cfu/(plate · 5 min) (P< 0.05). Correlation analysis revealed a positive correlation between airborne colony counts and the total bioaerosol concentration (r= 0.170, P< 0.05), with a significant association specifically with particles≥2.5 µm in diameter (P< 0.001). Factors such as window ventilation, use of other respiratory medical devices, total number of people in the ward, and toilet usage showed statistically significant effects on airborne colony counts (P< 0.05). Room temperature, mask-wearing rate in the ward, and toilet usage might influence the concentration of bioaerosols in the air (P< 0.05). Conclusion The application of a plasma air disinfector under dynamic hospital operating conditions demonstrates certain disinfection efficacy. Routine monitoring of aerosol concentration, particularly bioaerosol concentration, is beneficial for assessing the transmission risk of airborne pathogenic microorganisms.

Objective To investigate the current situation regarding the reprocessing of loaners and implants in hospital Central Sterile Supply Departments(CSSD) across hospitals in China and to provide scientific basis for the implementation of industry standards. Methods A structured questionnaire was administered to 1 688 hospitals to investigate the management system construction, informatization level and current reprocessing status of loaners and implants in their CSSDs. Results 82.29% had fully realized centralized management, 99.23% had established the management system for loaners and implants, while 63.57% included these items in their information management systems. Specialized positions with relatively fixed personnel were set up in 68.54% of hospitals, and 64.45% could deliver loaners and implants to the CSSD before 15:00 on the day prior to surgery. Suppliers provided timely instructions for cleaning, disinfection, packaging, and sterilization in 66.05% of those cases. Lists including all loaners and implants were provided by 57.17% of suppliers.59.30% of CSSDs conducted the first sterilization effectiveness tests. However, 21.74% of CSSDs did not meet the requirements specified in the instructions. 88.86% of Postoperative loaners were returned to suppliers after CSSD reprocessing.The implementation rates of information management, specialized position settings, and sterilization effectiveness tests in tertiary hospitals were significantly higher than those in secondary hospitals (P<0.05). Conclusion Central management of loaners and implants is prevalent in Chinese CSSDs. However, there are still shortcomings in information construction and the implementation of specialized positions, as well as problems such as insufficient cooperation from suppliers and non-standard sterilization operations. These issues need to be optimized from aspects such as system implementation, supplier management, and sterilization technology monitoring to ensure medical quality and surgical safety.

Objective To observe the germicidal effect of a high-energy pulsed ultraviolet disinfection equipment and to provide basis for practical disinfection applications. Methods Carrier quantitative germicidal test method was used to observe the germicidal effect of a high-energy pulse ultraviolet disinfection equipment. Results The high-energy pulse ultraviolet disinfection equipment was equipped with a xenon lamp tube, emitting ultraviolet intensity of 1.28 mW/cm² at a vertical distance of 1 m. After irradiation for 5 min at a vertical distance of 1 m from the lamp, the killing log values for Staphylococcus aureus and Escherichia coli on the carrier were 3.05 and 3.40, respectively; after irradiation for 5 min, the killing log value for Candida albicans on the carrier was 2.30. Conclusion The high-energy pulsed ultraviolet disinfection equipment has certain killing effect against common bacterial propagules, but its killing effect against fungi is slightly inferior.

Objective To investigate the current status of the establishment and risk points of negative pressure isolation wards in selected hospitals nationwide, and to provide a reference basis for improving the hospital infection control and management system. Methods A survey was conducted in hospitals of different levels and types in 7 regions of China, to investigate the number of negative pressure isolation wards established, the setting of buffer rooms, pressure difference monitoring, and high efficiency particulate air filter maintenance, etc. Results 131 of the 340 surveyed hospitals (38.53%) had negative pressure isolation wards. Among the hospitals with negative pressure isolation wards, 114 hospitals had fully equipped buffer rooms, and 9 had partial ones. Among the hospitals with buffer rooms, 104 hospitals (84.55%) conducted differential pressure monitoring between all buffer rooms and wards, 89 hospitals (72.36%) had differential pressure monitoring between all buffer rooms and corridors. Among the 17 hospitals with negative pressure isolation wards without buffer rooms, 11 carried out differential pressure monitoring between all wards and corridors, and the pressure difference values basically met the requirements. Among the 131 hospitals with negative pressure isolation wards, only 76 hospitals (58.02%) met the requirements of buffer rooms establishment, pressure difference monitoring and qualified pressure difference values simultaneously; 66 (50.38%) performed air disinfection with ultraviolet lamps in the negative pressure isolation wards. Conclusion Obvious deficiencies exist in the buffer room configuration, standardization of pressure difference monitoring, and maintenance management of negative pressure isolation wards in some hospitals in China, and the overall compliance rate needs to be improved.

Objective To evaluate the bactericidal efficacy of didecyldimethylammonium bromide applied by different methods on different material carriers, and to provide evidence for choosing disinfectants according to the surface material characteristics in practical disinfection applications. Methods Carrier immersion disinfection tests and carrier spray disinfection tests were conducted to assess the killing effects of didecyldimethylammonium bromide against Staphylococcus aureus and Escherichia coli on stainless steel sheets, cloth sheets, and filter paper sheets. Results Using a 250 mg/Ldidecyldimethylammonium bromide disinfectant solution, immersion for 1.5 min achieved an average killing log value >3.00 for Staphylococcus aureus on stainless steel sheets; immersion for 3 min achieved an average killing log value >3.00 for Staphylococcus aureus on filter paper sheets. Immersion for 3 min resulted in average killing log value >3.00 for Escherichia coli on both stainless steel sheets and filter paper sheets. Using a 500 mg/L didecyldimethylammonium bromide disinfectant solution, spray application for 3 min achieved an average killing log value >3.00 for Staphylococcus aureus on stainless steel sheets; spray application for 6 min achieved an average killing log value >3.00 for Staphylococcus aureus on filter paper sheets; spray application for 3 min achieved an average killing log value >3.00 for Escherichia coli on stainless steel sheets. The average killing log values in all other groups were <3.00. The difference in the killing effect of the disinfectant on the same type of bacteria on three carriers was statistically significant (P<0.05). Conclusion The indicator bacteria of stainless steel sheet can be effectively killed by the immersion method and spray method at the concentration of didecyl dimethyl ammonium bromide in this study. The filter paper sheet needs to be disinfected for a longer time, and the cloth sheet cannot be effectively disinfected.

Objective To observe of the disinfection effect of four types of disinfectant wipes on the surfaces of different parts of wheelchairs. Methods The surface materials of different contact parts of the wheelchair were divided into uncoated fabric group, coated fabric group, and polyurethane material armrest group. Quantitative bactericidal test method was used to detect the disinfection efficacy of disinfectant wipes,which contain effective chlorine 102 mg/L disinfectant, 75% ethanol, 10 g/L hydrogen peroxide disinfectant, and 4 500 mg/L quaternary ammonium salt disinfectant on surface contaminated bacteria of the materials. Results Four types of disinfectant wipes were used to wipe and disinfect the surfaces of three groups of materials for 5 minutes, and the average killing logarithm of Staphylococcus aureus and Escherichia coli on the surface of the wheelchair was above 3.0. Conclusion The surface of different parts of the wheelchair is wiped and disinfected with four types of disinfectant wipes, and the disinfection requirements can be met after 5 min of contact.

Objective To explore the occupational exposure status of staff in central sterile supply department (CSSD), analyze its relationship with risk perception and protective behavior, and to evaluate the effect of systematic intervention strategies. Methods Convenient sampling was used to select 302 CSSD staff from 5 comprehensive hospitals in Beijing from March 2024 to March 2025 as the research subjects. A survey was conducted using general information questionnaires, occupational exposure risk perception scales, and occupational protection knowledge, attitude, and behavior questionnaires. Combined with occupational exposure registration data from January 2022 to January 2024 in the hospital infection real-time monitoring system, single factor analysis, multiple factor logistic regression, and path analysis methods were used to explore the influencing factors of occupational exposure and implement corresponding intervention measures. Results The occupational exposure rate of CSSD staff was 27.8% (84/302). Correlation analysis showed that occupational exposure frequency was significantly negatively correlated with the total score of risk perception (r=-0.612, P<0.001) and protective behavior (r=-0.423, P<0.001), while there was a significant positive correlation between risk perception and protective behavior (r=0.588, P<0.001). Multivariate logistic regression analysis showed that the total scores of risk perception, protective behavior, occupational protection training, and work experience were significant protective factors for occupational exposure (OR>1, P<0.05). The analysis of the mediating effect suggested that occupational exposure not only directly reduced the level of protective behavior, but also indirectly affected protective behavior by reducing risk perception. Risk perception played a partial mediating role between the two, with the mediating effect accounting for 40.6% of the total effect. After intervention, both groups showed significant improvements in risk perception, protective behavior, and satisfaction scores compared to before intervention, with the intervention group showing a more significant increase (P<0.001). Conclusion The incidence of occupational exposure among CSSD workers in this region is relatively high, and the level of risk perception and protective behavior is closely related to occupational exposure. By systematically intervening to enhance risk perception, protective behavior can be effectively improved, occupational exposure risks can be reduced, and it has value for promotion and application.

Objective To observe the influence of different material carriers on the disinfection effect of hydrogen peroxide, and to provide reference for the implementation and evaluation of disinfection effects of hydrogen peroxide on different disinfection objects in practical applications. Methods The carrier immersion quantitative bactericidal test method was used to test the killing effect of hydrogen peroxide on the contaminated microorganisms on the carriers of different materials. Results Using 10 g/L hydrogen peroxide disinfectant to soak three types of carriers contaminated with Escherichia coli, the disinfection effects on cloth sheets and stainless steel sheets were better than that on filter paper sheets (P<0.05); Using 30 g/L hydrogen peroxide disinfectant to soak three types of carriers contaminated with Candida albicans, the disinfection effect on cloth was better than that on stainless steel sheets and filter paper sheets (P<0.05); Using 30 g/L hydrogen peroxide disinfectant to soak three types of carriers contaminated with spores of Bacillus subtilis var. niger for 2 h, the disinfection effect of the stainless steel group was better than that of the cloth group and filter paper group (P<0.05); Using 30 g/L hydrogen peroxide disinfectant to spray three types of carriers contaminated with Escherichia coli, the disinfection effect on stainless steel sheets was better than that of cloth sheets and filter paper sheets (P<0.01); Using 60 g/L hydrogen peroxide disinfectant to spray three types of carriers contaminated with Candida albicans and Bacillus subtilis var. niger spores, the disinfection effect on stainless steel sheets was overall better than that of cloth sheets and filter paper sheets (P<0.01). Conclusion Different material carriers have an impact on the disinfection effect of hydrogen peroxide, and different disinfection methods also have an impact on the disinfection effect of different material carriers. When formulating disinfection plans, implementing disinfection processes, and evaluating disinfection effect, it is necessary to consider the impact of disinfection object materials and disinfection methods on disinfection effect.

Objective To systematically evaluate the disinfection evaluation indicators for dental medical institutions in Shenyang, providing a theoretical basis and practical reference for constructing a scientific and rational disinfection evaluation index system. Methods A questionnaire on disinfection evaluation indicators for dental medical institutions in Shenyang was designed and distributed to professionals engaged in hospital infection management in dental clinics. Each indicator in the questionnaire was scored using a 5-point Likert scale. Statistical analysis was conducted on the participants' engagement level, concentration of opinions, and consensus degree to assess the disinfection evaluation index system for dental medical institutions in Shenyang. Results The constructed evaluation index system included 5 first-level indicators, 17 second-level indicators, and 84 third-level indicators. The mean importance scores of the third-level indicators ranged from 4.67 to 4.95, with coefficients of variation ranging from 0.05 to 0.17. The importance degree of the indicators ranged from 0.93 to 0.99, and the conformity degree ranged from 0.84 to 0.98. The conformity degrees of seven indicators—bed-to-infection control personnel ratio, records of improvements, digital information system for disinfection supply, provision of personal protective equipment, water for instrument cleaning and disinfection, installation of microfilters at water inlet points of dental units, and compressed air treatment—were all below 0.9. Conclusion The disinfection evaluation index system constructed for dental medical institutions in Shenyang demonstrates scientific validity and practical applicability.

Objective To investigate the efficacy of hydrogen peroxide spray, peracetic acid spray, and ultraviolet (UV) germicidal lamp irradiation in removing nucleic acids from MS2 bacteriophage-contaminated aerosols. Methods Bacteriophage aerosols (10¹⁰ PFU/mL) were sprayed at 100 mL into each of five 60 m³ laboratory chambers. Disinfection was performed by spraying with 30 g/L hydrogen peroxide, 5 g/L peracetic acid, or by irradiation using 60, 90, and 120 W UV germicidal lamps. The copy number of the MS2 bacteriophage lysis protein gene was quantified via quantitative RT-PCR to compare the nucleic acid clearance efficacy of the different disinfection methods. Results The average copy numbers of the MS2 gene in the 30 g/L hydrogen peroxide group and the 5 g/L peracetic acid group were lower than that in the positive control group, measuring 1.49×10⁹, 9.85×10⁷ and 8.14×10¹¹, respectively (F=217.396, P < 0.05). The 120 W UV lamp demonstrated the best nucleic acid clearance efficacy, with an average copy number of 7.26×10⁸, which was significantly lower than the control group's 8.14×10¹¹ (F=217.396, P < 0.05). The 120 W UV lamp achieved a nucleic acid clearance rate of 99.91%, higher than that of the 60 W and 90 W lamps, although residual nucleic acids were still detected. Conclusion Hydrogen peroxide, peracetic acid, and UV germicidal lamps exhibit a certain degree of efficacy in removing nucleic acids from highly concentrated aerosol contamination, but cannot achieve complete clearance.

目的 研究鱼骨柏拉图分析法与积分考核管理对消毒供应中心（CSSD）工作效率的影响。 方法 通过鱼骨柏拉图分析法配合积分考核管理模式，对某医院CSSD工作效率进行分析比较。 结果 管控措施实施前后的CSSD工作差错发生率分别为8.98%和2.05%。分析结果显示，工作流程不规范、制度落实不严格及消毒质量管控制度不清楚是导致CSSD工作质量不佳的重要原因。实施管控措施之后，观察组器械损坏率明显降低，周转效率、预处理合格率、灭菌质量评分、CSSD工作人员消毒管理知识评分及满意度都明显提高。 结论 鱼骨柏拉图分析法配合积分考核管理模式能够有效提升CSSD工作效率。

Objective To assess the current status of disinfection quality in medical institutions of Shaanxi Province, and to provide scientific evidence for improving disinfection practices and healthcare-associated infection prevention and control. Methods A stratified cluster sampling method was adopted to collect samples from 18 community health centers, 32 secondary general hospitals, and 16 tertiary general hospitals in Shaanxi Province. The total bacterial colony count was detected on object surfaces, hygienic hand surfaces, surgical hand surfaces, and medical water. Results A total of 4 938 samples were tested between 2022 and 2024, with an overall disinfection qualification rate of 95.30%. The qualification rates for object surfaces, hygienic hand surfaces, surgical hand surfaces, and medical water were 96.36%, 92.14%, 98.17%, and 92.61%, respectively. Conclusion The overall disinfection qualification rate in medical institutions of Shaanxi Province is satisfactory, but supervision and management in certain weak areas still need to be strengthened.

Objective To investigate the cleaning and disinfection efficacy of disinfectant wipes on the object surfaces of comprehensive dental treatment equipment, and to provide the theoretical evidence for prevention and control nosocomial infection. Methods Object surface samples were collected from dental units across 25 campuses of municipal hospitals in Beijing. Rapid detection methods were employed to assess the level of surface contamination. The cleaning and disinfection efficacy was evaluated after using disposable disinfectant wipes containing quaternary ammonium compounds. Results A total of 900 samples were collected from the comprehensive dental treatment equipment, including 450 samples contaminated by high splash treatment, and 450 samples after cleaning and disinfection. After the high splash treatment, the qualified rate of the contaminated object surfaces was 64.89%, among which the qualified rate of the spittoons (37.33%) was lower than other points. After cleaning and disinfection, the qualified rate of the object surfaces increased to 90.00%, the qualified rate of the patient’s armrests (both sides) was the lowest (82.67%), and the qualified rate of the operating table and panel (doctor’s side) was the highest (94.67%). Conclusion The disinfectant wipes can effectively clean and disinfect the object surfaces of the comprehensive dental treatment equipment. Medical institutions should strengthen the management of the cleaning and disinfection process of comprehensive dental treatment equipment, and pay attention to the dental water lines and high-frequency contact points of patients.

目的 探讨自主研制的骨科电钻微型清洗消毒槽在电钻清洗消毒中的应用效果。 方法 采用随机分组的方法将2022年5月16—21日回收的76把骨科电钻随机等分为试验组和对照组，对照组采用普通槽清洗，试验组采用自主研发的骨科电钻微型槽清洗。通过目测法、带光源放大镜法、三磷酸腺生物荧光法对清洗效果进行验证；对2种清洗消毒方法的人员体力消耗、成本效益等方面进行性价比分析；采用 5% 亚甲蓝溶液作为喷溅物染色指示剂，进行水平喷溅范围试验。 结果 对照组与试验组合格率相同，均为100%；清洗一把骨科电钻对照组软水使用量（12 000 mL）大于试验组（60 mL）；其含酶清洗剂使用量对照组（400 mL）大于试验组（2 mL）。清洗体力消耗方面，对照组清洗时体力消耗（14.5 N）高于试验组（6.2 N）。亚甲蓝水平喷溅范围试验，对照组喷溅范围100~500 mm，试验组无喷溅。 结论 骨科电钻微型清洗消毒槽的应用，在体力消耗、成本效益、气溶胶或飞溅物喷溅等方面存在优势，具有应用及推广价值。

Objective To evaluate the protective efficacy of commonly used medical protective equipment against pulsed ultraviolet light at (20±0.5) Hz. Methods According to the method of Threshold Values and Biological Contact Index (2021 Edition)，the test protective equipment was placed over the light-receiving surface of the detection probe. The ultraviolet irradiance was measured at distances of 20, 50 and 100 cm from the pulsed ultraviolet disinfection device, and the effective irradiance and the maximum safe exposure time were calculated. Results At distances of 20, 50 and 100 cm from the pulsed ultraviolet disinfection device, four types of white coats can completely block pulsed ultraviolet light. At a distance of 20 cm from the pulsed ultraviolet disinfection device, the penetration rates of pulsed ultraviolet light through protective suits and isolation gowns were 1.25% and 3.75%, respectively. None of the seven key protective items can completely block pulsed ultraviolet light. At a distance of 50 cm from the pulsed ultraviolet disinfection device, N95 masks, disposable medical gloves, and curtains could completely blockpulsed ultraviolet light. At a distance of 100 cm from the pulsed ultraviolet disinfection device, N95 masks, surgical masks, boot covers, disposable medical gloves, and curtains could completely block pulsed ultraviolet light. Conclusion In practical applications, protective equipment can be correctly selected based on the penetration rate and the longest exposure time of pulsed ultraviolet light for different materials.

紫外线消毒技术作为一种高效的物理消毒方法，在病原微生物杀灭方面效果显著，但其实际应用效果受多种因素制约。本文系统综述了222 nm远紫外线良好的生物安全特性与杀菌能力，分析了温度、湿度、辐照剂量、微生物种类与数量、载体表面性质及有机物存在等对紫外线消毒效果的影响，并重点探讨了紫外线与乙醇、氯、过氧乙酸、有机酸等化学因子，以及超声、多波长UV-LED等物理因子的协同消毒机制。多项研究表明，协同处理可显著增强微生物杀灭效率、减少消毒剂用量、抑制光复活现象，并有效应对复杂介质中的消毒挑战。最后，本文对222 nm紫外线技术的标准化、协同消毒体系的构建及实际应用前景进行了展望，以期为该技术的研发与优化提供理论依据与实践参考。

Objective To investigate the current status of the processing of ophthalmic surgical instruments in hospitals across the country, and to provide data support for improving the cleaning, disinfection, sterilization, and reprocessing procedure of ophthalmic instruments. Methods An online questionnaire survey was conducted to investigate the current status of ophthalmic surgical instrument processing in 495 hospitals of different levels in 29 provinces, municipalities, and autonomous regions across the country. Results A total of 495 questionnaires were distributed and 492 valid questionnaires were collected. 24.59% of hospital CSSDs had not undertaken the processing of ophthalmic surgical instruments; 47.59% and 33.13% of hospitals did not have dedicated cleaning personnel and assembly and packaging personnel; 69.37% of hospitals had not established dedicated cleaning areas for ophthalmic instruments and had not separated them from regular instruments for processing; 75.68% of hospital CSSDs were not equipped with specialized ophthalmic instrument cleaning equipment and tools; 38.14% of hospitals provided specialized instrument boxes and protective pads during packaging; 22.29% of hospitals did not have dedicated personnel responsible for cleaning quality inspection and evaluation, and 36.04% of hospitals did not implement quality traceability management for sterile items. Conclusion There are many aspects in the current procedure of ophthalmic surgical instrument processing in hospitals that need to be standardized and strengthened. It is recommended to establish and standardize the centralized processing process for ophthalmic surgical instruments, set up dedicated personnel and posts, equip dedicated cleaning areas, equipment and tools, and establish a full process quality control system to clarify quality inspection and supervision responsibilities, in order to ensure the effective cleaning, disinfection and sterilization of ophthalmic surgical instruments, reduce instrument wear and clinical infection risks, and improve disinfection and sterilization quality.

Objective To analyze the positive rate of cerebrospinal fluid culture, pathogen distribution, and drug resistance in patients with post-craniotomy intracranial infection (PCII), and to provide evidence for the accurate prevention and control of PCII and the spread of multidrug-resistant organisms. Methods A cross-sectional study was conducted, and patients with PCII admitted to a level-A tertiary hospital in Shanghai from January 2015 to December 2021 were selected as the research subjects. Relevant infection data of the patients were retrospectively collected to analyze the positive rate of cerebrospinal fluid culture, composition of pathogens, and detection rate of multidrug-resistant organisms. Results Among the 228 enrolled patients, 85 were positive for cerebrospinal fluid culture, with a positive rate of 37.28%. The pathogens detected in cerebrospinal fluid cultures were mainly Gram-positive bacteria, accounting for 64.66%. The distribution of pathogens was dominated by coagulase-negative Staphylococci, accounting for 41.35%, of which the detection rate of methicillin-resistant strains were 67.35%. The most common Gram-negative bacteria were Acinetobacter baumannii and Klebsiella pneumoniae, accounting for 8.27% and 6.02%, respectively. The detection rates of carbapenem-resistant Acinetobacter baumannii (CRAB) and carbapenem-resistant Klebsiella pneumoniae (CRKP) were 90.91% and 62.50%, respectively. Conclusion The positive rate of cerebrospinal fluid culture in patients with PCII is relatively low, and the pathogens are mainly coagulase-negative Staphylococci. However, intracranial infections caused by CRAB and CRKP are currently major challenges for nosocomial infection prevention and control in patients undergoing craniotomy.

Objective To understand the trend of changes in the prevalence of nosocomial infections among inpatients and to provide evidence for improving nosocomial infection management and prevention and control levels. Methods A cross-sectional survey method was used to analyze the prevalence of nosocomial infections among inpatients in a hospital from 2011 to 2022. Results A total of 9 249 inpatients were actually surveyed in the hospital, with an actual survey rate of 99.12% and an average prevalence of nosocomial infections of 2.02%. The sites of nosocomial infections were mainly lower respiratory tract infections, accounting for 31.37%. Among the pathogens causing nosocomial infections, Gram-negative bacteria accounted for 58.77%. The antibiotic usage rate among inpatients was 28.05%, with therapeutic antibiotics accounting for 83.85%. The pathogen testing rate was 70.45%, and the pathogen testing rate before antibiotic use showed a trend of increasing year by year. Conclusions The prevalence of nosocomial infections among inpatients in this hospital is within the national control standards. The pathogen testing for antibiotic use and therapeutic antibiotic use is relatively effective, and close attention should be paid to the monitoring and management of drug-resistant bacterial infections.

微波消毒技术作为一种非焚烧式物理消毒技术，因其消毒效果良好、设备紧凑、节能环保、操作灵活等特点，在消毒杀菌领域受到越来越多的关注。本文总结了该技术的消毒原理、影响因素和主要应用，并分析了未来研究热点及发展趋势，以期为促进微波消毒技术的发展，以及满足不同场景下的消毒需求提供理论与实践参考。

Objective To study the disinfection effect of compound plant essential oil disinfectant, and to conduct an in-depth analysis of its bactericidal performance and influencing factors. Methods The suspension quantitative bactericidal experiment was used to observe the bactericidal effect of the compound plant essential oil disinfectant, and the effects of temperature, pH, and organic matter on disinfection were determined. Results The plant essential oil compound disinfectant, when diluted at a ratio of 1︰30 and allowed to act for 10 minutes, achieved an average log reduction value of >5.00 against both Escherichia coli and Staphylococcus aureus. The presence of more than 25% calf serum in the bacterial suspension significantly reduced the bactericidal efficacy. Variations in temperature and pH also had a notable impact on the bactericidal effect.Within the temperature range of 10℃ to 40℃, the bactericidal efficacy increased with rising temperature. In the pH range of 4.5 to 8.5, the bactericidal effect enhanced as the pH increased. Conclusion The compound plant essential oil disinfectant has good germicidal efficacy. However, organic disturbance, temperature and pH have obvious influence on the bactericidal effect of plant essential oil compound disinfectant.

Objective In order to grasp the current situation and existing problems of medical waste management in various small medical institutions. Methods A questionnaire-based survey was conducted to evaluate medical waste management practices across 31 small medical institutions in 16 districts and counties of Chongqing Municipality. The study aimed to identify the predominant challenges in the current management system and propose strategic recommendations for its enhancement. Results Small medical institutions produced less waste, mainly infectious waste. The waste production coefficient of village clinics and general clinics were 0.03 kg/ people, respectively. The waste production coefficient of specialist clinics and community health stations was 0.16 kg/ people and 0.11 kg/ people. Medical waste disposal fees of small medical institutions are mainly monthly or annual fees, among which village clinics are mainly handed over to superior medical institutions for centralized disposal. Conclusion The common problem in the management of medical waste in various types of small medical institutions is mainly the delayed collection and transportation of medical waste. In addition, there are serious problems with non-standard storage facilities for medical waste, non-standard classification of medical waste, and non-standard disinfection of medical wastewater in village clinics, general clinics, and specialist clinics. It is suggested to formulate guidelines for standardized management of medical waste in small medical institutions, strengthen training on medical waste management in small medical institutions, strengthen supervision and inspection, improve the collection, transportation and disposal capacity of medical waste, and reduce the risk of medical waste disposal in small medical institutions.

目的 比较管腔生物过程挑战装置（PCD）与通用生物测试包在过氧化氢低温等离子体灭菌中的监测效果，为选择合适的生物监测方法提供依据。方法 采用管腔生物PCD与通用生物测试包两种方法，于2023年10月—12月对526次过氧化氢低温等离子体灭菌循环的效果进行平行监测。结果 对于非管腔器械灭菌装载，通用生物测试包的监测合格率为99.08%（216/218），管腔生物PCD的监测合格率为98.16%（214/218），两者差异无统计学意义（P>0.05）。对于管腔器械灭菌装载，通用生物测试包的监测合格率为98.70%（304/308），而管腔生物PCD的监测合格率为94.48%（291/308），两者差异具有统计学意义（P<0.01）。结论 在监测过氧化氢等离子体对管腔器械的灭菌效果时，管腔生物PCD较通用生物测试包显示出更高的敏感性。建议将管腔生物PCD作为管腔器械过氧化氢等离子体灭菌生物监测的常规方法。

Objective To systematically evaluate the application value of ATP method in hospital environmental cleaning quality monitoring, and to provide evidence-based support for establishing standardized environmental monitoring systems. Methods Dynamic monitoring was conducted on environmental surfaces in medium- to high-risk areas of a tertiary hospital in Hubei province from 2018 to 2022. Paired samples were collected from post-disinfection and in-use surfaces, and the ATP method was used to determine pass rates based on relative light unit (RLU) values. Results A total of 731 environmental surface samples were monitored over five years. The overall pass rate increased from 62.11% to 85.23% during the monitoring period. The pass rate of post-disinfection surfaces was significantly higher than that of in-use surfaces ( χ²=8.631, P=0.003). Among different surface types, telephones/mobile phones, various handles, and computer keyboards/mice showed lower pass rates and were identified as major microbial contamination risk points. Conclusion The ATP method enables real-time quantitative assessment and visual data feedback, which can accurately identify weaknesses in cleaning and disinfection.