消毒供应中心（CSSD）的器械清洗是保障医疗安全的关键环节。本文综述了影响 CSSD 器械清洗质量的主要因素，涵盖人为因素、器械因素、环节因素和管理因素，并从实践层面、培训层面和管理层面进一步探讨了提升清洗质量的干预策略，但复杂器械的清洗、新技术的普及应用以及确保各项标准和指南的严格执行仍面临挑战，未来研究需聚焦于新型复杂器械的清洗方案、干预措施的成本效益分析以及促进指南有效转化和持续改进的策略，以期不断提升 CSSD 器械清洗质量，最大限度地降低医院相关感染风险，保障患者安全。

Objective To study the influencing factors of intracranial infection in patients after neuronavigation-assisted puncture drainage for intracerebral hemorrhage, and to provide the prevention and control of postoperative infection. Methods The clinical data and laboratory etiological examination data of patients with intracranial infection after neuronavigation-assisted puncture drainage for spontaneous intracerebral hemorrhage in a hospital were investigated retrospectively. Univariate and multivariate logistic regression analysis were used to analyze the influencing factors of intracranial infection. Results A total of 145 patients undergoing hematoma puncture and drainage were enrolled in this study. Postoperatively, intracranial infection occurred in 36 cases, with an infection rate of 24.8%. Among these infected patients, 5 strains of pathogenic bacteria were identified in cerebrospinal fluid, including 4 Gram-positive strains and 1 Gram-negative strain. Multivariate analysis indicated that preoperative GCS score≤8, no preoperative administration of antibiotics, and drainage tube indwelling time≥3 d were independent risk factors for intracranial infection following neuronavigation-assisted hematoma puncture and drainage. Conclusion The incidence of intracranial infection in patients undergoing intracerebral hematoma drainage in this hospital is relatively high. Patients with preoperative coma, no antibiotics, and drainage tube indwelling time ≥3 d are at high risk for intracranial infections, and the perioperative management of such patients should be strengthened.

Objective To study the disinfection efficacy of 9 chemical disinfectants on bacteria isolated from clean areas and to provide a reference for effective disinfection in clean areas. Methods The suspension quantitative bactericidal test was adopted. Three concentrations of high, medium and low were selected to observe the bactericidal effects of nine common disinfectants on six types of bacterial vegetative cells such as Staphylococcus epidermidis and three types of bacterial spores such as Bacillus cereus spores. Results Effective disinfection of six types of bacterial vegetative cells was achieved by treating with 500 mg/L didecyldimethylammonium chloride or 600 mg/L sodium hypochlorite for 2 min. Effective disinfection of Bacillus cereus spores was achieved by treating with a combination of 55 g/L hydrogen peroxide and 800 mg/L peracetic acid and 5 g/L didecyldimethylammonium chloride acting for 30 min. Effective disinfection of Bacillus subtilis spores was achieved by using a complex of 1 500 mg/L benzalkonium chloride and 150 mg/L polyhexamethylene biguanide hydrochloride for 3 min. Effective disinfection of Bacillus licheniformis spores was achieved by treating with 2 g/L benzalkonium bromide for 2 min. Conclusion The nine types of chemical disinfectants can effectively kill the selected experimental microorganisms, and the concentration and duration of action are verified to ensure the expected disinfection effect.

近年来，通过空气传播的各类新发传染病频繁发生，使得空气消毒技术也备受关注；空气消毒技术是利用不同方法对空气中的微生物、病毒和有害气体进行消毒和净化的技术。随着空气消毒技术的迅速发展，紫外线消毒技术由于其高效、安全的特点，成为当前研究和应用的热点，此外，等离子体消毒技术凭借其广谱杀菌能力和持续消毒效果，也逐渐受到关注；与此同时，传统的化学消毒方法在特定环境下仍具有一定的应用价值。本文以空气消毒技术为主题，介绍了各种技术的基本原理，并梳理了其研究脉络，详细叙述了空气消毒技术的研究现状和进展，分析讨论了应用场景和实用性前景，探讨空气消毒技术的发展趋势。

Objective To observe the killing and bacteriostatic effects of compound Atractylodes lancea oil on natural bacteria in indoor air, and to explore human sensory acceptability of its odor, so as to providing a basis for the application feasibility of compound Atractylodes lancea oil as an air fumigant. Methods The plate sedimentation method and bacterial culture were used to determine the killing and bacteriostatic effects of the compound oil on natural bacteria in indoor air, with conventional ultraviolet disinfection as the control. Meanwhile, the 9-point hedonic scale was adopted to evaluate human acceptability of the odor. Results The compound preparation formulated with plant essential oils such as Atractylodes lancea, mugwort leaf, and wild chrysanthemum achieved a killing rate of 78.4%-79.5% against natural bacteria in indoor air after 60 min of natural volatilization. 6 h after stopping volatilization, the bacteriostatic rate remained at 62.0%-67.0%. For the control group, conventional ultraviolet irradiation for 60 min resulted in a killing rate of 79.3% against natural bacteria in indoor air, and the bacteriostatic rate was maintained at 58.1% 6 h after irradiation cessation. Among different formulations of compound Atractylodes lancea oil used for indoor air treatment, the blend of Atractylodes lancea oil, wild chrysanthemum oil, and rose oil showed the highest odor acceptability among 50 subjects. Conclusion The compound Atractylodes lancea oil exhibits certain killing and bacteriostatic effects on indoor air bacteria, and can be used for indoor air disinfection and odor treatment.

Objective To investigate the physicochemical properties of a novel compound potassium monopersulfate disinfectant and to provide references for its disinfection applications. Methods Physicochemical testing techniques were used to investigate and observe the relevant physicochemical properties of this novel disinfectant containing potassium monopersulfate compound salt, including the effective component content, pH, and metal corrosivity. Results The novel compound potassium monopersulfate disinfectant was a white powder with an active oxygen content of 2.87%. After preparing a disinfectant solution with a concentration of 1 000 mg/L and leaving it for 1 h, the active oxygen content reached a peak of 49.7 mg/L; within 3 days, the active oxygen content could be maintained at over 90% of the initial concentration. The pH range of the disinfectant solution with a concentration of 1 000-6 000 mg/L was 2.43-3.00. 3 types of disinfectants showed moderate corrosion to aluminum, carbon steel, and copper wafers, but had essentially no corrosion to stainless steel wafers. Conclusion The compound potassium monopersulfate disinfectant shows stable physicochemical properties. The decrease in effective components in the solution is related to its preparation concentration and storage time, and it exhibits corrosivity to metals.

耳念珠菌是一种新型真菌病原菌，可引起严重的感染，死亡率高。耳念珠菌环境抵抗力强，可在患者皮肤和环境中长期定植，不易鉴别且具有多药耐药的特点，易造成医院感染暴发，因此对耳念珠菌的感染控制至关重要。本文综述了国内外针对耳念珠菌的感染控制方法、消毒措施和常用消毒剂，为完善耳念珠菌医院感染控制措施以及制订相关消毒标准提供参考。

Objective To test in vitro and field bactericidal efficacy of normal temperature and low temperature formulations of potassium monopersulfate composite salt disinfectant against bacterial vegetative cells, and to evaluate their disinfection performance on object surfaces. Methods The quantitative bactericidal test method using cloth carrier immersion and on-site disinfection test method were used to assess the efficacy of 1 500 and 1 000 mg/L potassium monopersulfate composite salt disinfectant formulations both at normal temperature and low temperature against Escherichia coli and Staphylococcus aureus. Results Under normal temperature (20℃), the 1 000 mg/L potassium monopersulfate composite salt disinfectant reduced the bacterial count of Escherichia coli and Staphylococcus aureus on cloth carriers by more than 4.0 log within 5 min. Under low temperature (-18℃), the low temperature disinfectant with a concentration of 1 000 mg/L reduced the bacterial count of Escherichia coli and Staphylococcus aureus by more than 4.0 log and 3.0 log within 7.5 min, respectively. The 1 000 mg/L normal temperature formulations potassium monopersulfate composite salt disinfectant eliminated the natural bacterial count on object surfaces within 10 min, with an average killing rate of 95.59%. Conclusion Both normal temperature and low temperature potassium hydrogen peroxymonosulfate compound disinfectants can effectively eliminate bacterial vegetative cells, and they are suitable for disinfecting object surfaces under normal and low temperature conditions.

Objective To understand the current situation of quality management of central sterile supply department (CSSD) in Gansu Province, and to provide a basis for further improving the quality of CSSD work. Methods A questionnaire survey was used to investigate and analyze the quality of CSSD management in 62 hospitals in Gansu Province. Results The proportion of secondary hospitals and tertiary hospitals with a floor area-to-hospital bed ratio ≥0.8 was 68.18% and 33.33%, respectively. The number of CSSD personnel per 100 beds >2 in secondary and tertiary hospitals accounted for 65.91% and 16.67%, respectively. Hospitals that adopt centralized management accounted for 85.48%, while hospitals that use centralized processing of soft endoscopes had the lowest proportion (27.42%). The implementation rates of CSSD for quantitative cleaning effect monitoring and temperature-pressure monitoring of cleaning and disinfection equipment were 46.77% and 50.91%, respectively. The pass rate of overall work quality and the pass rate of work quality evaluation in secondary and tertiary hospitals were 88.89%, 72.58% and 65.91%, respectively. Conclusion It is necessary to further optimize basic infrastructure, strengthen centralized management and standardized awareness, and to improve the quality of work.

随着微创外科技术的快速发展，达芬奇机器人手术系统因其显著优势获得广泛应用。然而，该系统的器械结构精细复杂，清洗灭菌难度较大，直接关乎手术安全与医疗成本控制，且其器械清洗、监测及灭菌面临挑战和标准的缺失。本综述系统梳理了近年来该领域的进展现况，围绕清洗方法、效果监测与灭菌技术三大主题，依操作流程的逻辑框架展开论述。发现手工联合机械清洗、多种监测手段结合使用，以及依据器械属性选择压力蒸汽或低温灭菌方式，成为当前共识性的实践方向。尽管如此，该领域仍存在标准化流程尚未统一、清洗效果评估仍偏主观等关键局限。展望未来，人工智能技术在实现智能化清洗监测与灭菌参数优化方面具备广阔应用前景。

目的 了解某医院环境清洁消毒效果及医务人员手卫生状况，分析医院环境卫生学监测合格率对医院感染发生率的影响，为有效控制医院感染提供依据。方法 采用现场采样和细菌学检测方法，监测2020—2022年医院室内空气、物体表面、使用中消毒剂、内镜内腔、纯化水卫生及消毒效果、医务人员手卫生合格情况，分析年份间或监测项目间合格率差异，分析监测合格率与医院感染发生率的相关性。结果 共收集1 761份样本，总监测合格率为97.33%。3年监测合格率依次为99.17%、96.13%和96.69%，差异有统计学意义（χ²=12.201，P=0.002）；不同监测项目中，内镜内腔和纯化水总合格率达100.00%，室内空气和使用中消毒剂合格率>98.00%，物体表面和医务人员手卫生合格率<96.00%。手卫生合格率以2020年最高（99.32%）。卫生学监测合格率和院内感染率呈负相关（r=-0.997，P<0.05）。结论 医院环境卫生学监测合格率较高，环境卫生学及消毒效果越好，医院感染发生率越低。医院应完善环境卫生及消毒管理，进一步降低医院感染发生率。

Objective To verify the disinfection effect of a compound quaternary ammonium salt disinfectant on microbiology laboratories. Methods Suspension quantitative bactericidal test and carrier quantitative bactericidal test were used to verify the bactericidal effect of the compound quaternary ammonium salt disinfectant. Results In the microbial counting method for the compound quaternary ammonium salt disinfectant, pH 7.0 sterile sodium chloride-peptone buffer containing 3% polysorbate 80 and 0.3% lecithin was used as the diluent, and the recovery rate of 5 standard bacteria could meet the requirements of 0.5~2 with a dilution level of 1:10 and an inoculation volume of 1 mL/dish. In the verification test of disinfectant bactericidal effect, when using the suspension method, the killing logarithm values of Staphylococcus aureus, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, and Escherichia coli were all >5.00, and the killing logarithm values of Candida albicans and Aspergillus niger were all ≥4.00, and the killing logarithm values of environmental microorganisms were all ≥3.00; When using the carrier method, the killing logarithm values of standard bacterial strains and environmental microorganisms on several material carriers were all ≥3.00. Conclusion The compound quaternary ammonium salt disinfectant has a good killing effect on standard bacterial strains and environmental microorganisms, and can be used for disinfection in pharmaceutical microbiology laboratories.

Objective To compare the consistency of UV radiation dose indicator cards and photometers in evaluating the effect of UV sterilization on medical environment objects, and to provide a basis for rapid evaluation of UV disinfection effect in medical environment. Methods Test points on high-frequency contact surfaces within the ward were selected, and UV radiation photometers, a dose indicator card, and three types of bacterial carriers (Escherichia coli, Staphylococcus aureus, and Bacillus subtilis var. niger) were placed respectively. The ultraviolet disinfection lamp was activated for 30 min, and UV radiation photometers readings and the color changes of the dose indicator card were recorded. The bacterial carriers for colony count were collected. Results All 60 UV radiation dose indicator cards exhibited color change and passed the qualification test. The cumulative UV radiation dose displayed by the dose indicator cards was consistent with that shown by the photometer, and the main data showed significant positive correlation ( P<0.001 ) with the average logarithmic value of microbial inactivation for the three indicator microorganisms. Conclusion Using the ultraviolet radiation dose indicator card to evaluate the ultraviolet disinfection effect in a medical environment is convenient and reliable.

为解决急性呼吸道传染病疫情后建筑资源浪费问题，合理高效地使用公共卫生资源，“平疫结合”病房转换成为医疗建筑设计与应急管理领域的研究热点。转换按不同维度的技术属性分为空间布局转换、机电系统转换和应急储备机制，主要转换措施包括添加/拆除移动隔板、卫生通道及房间重分配、调节空调排风系统和正负压病房启用运行等。本文重点介绍了我国“平疫结合”转换病房建设现状，并对主要转化措施存在的问题及应对策略进行初步探讨，以期为医疗机构新建、改扩建“平疫两用”病房提供技术参考。

目的 总结一起纤维支气管镜（以下简称纤支镜）终末漂洗水菌落检测超标事件的干预处置经验，为制订内镜终末漂洗水管路消毒指南规范提供参考。方法 分析某医院纤支镜清洗消毒设备投入使用前终末漂洗水细菌菌落总数超标原因，实施针对性改进措施，并验证效果。结果 纤支镜表面清洗水、纤支镜管道冲洗水、贮水箱水菌落总数分别为15、248和3 cfu/100 mL，菌数超标的主要原因为水路系统管道积水。针对水路污染原因施加的干预措施包括水龙头加装无菌过滤器，更换纤支镜管道注水处的水路管道，以及开启臭氧发生器24 h内镜清洗工作站纯化水供水管分支参与回水循环。改进措施后终末漂洗水和贮水箱水中细菌数均为0 cfu/100 mL。结论 医疗用水水路系统建设时，医院感染控制部门需参与方案拟定并验证终末漂洗水质量，以从源头防控医院感染。

Objective To investigate the influence of varying concentrations of organic interferents on the disinfection efficacy of hypochlorous acid (HOCl), for providing a scientific basis for optimizing the use condition of disinfection in practical applications. Methods A quantitative suspension bactericidal test was conducted to evaluate the disinfection efficacy of HOCl solutions containing 137.2 mg/L and 68.6 mg/L available chlorine against Staphylococcus aureus, Escherichia coli, and Candida albicans in the presence of different concentrations of bovine serum albumin (BSA) used as the organic interferent. Results For hypochlorous acid disinfectant containing 137.2 mg/L available chlorine: when BSA concentration in the bacterial suspension was below 3.0%, a 0.5 min contact time achieved the disinfection standard against Escherichia coli, Staphylococcus aureus and Candida albicans. At 10.0% BSA concentration, the disinfectant failed to meet the standard for all tested microorganisms even after 1.5 min of exposure. For hypochlorous acid containing 68.6 mg/L available chlorine: with 0.3% BSA in suspension, over 1 min of contact time was required to meet the disinfection standard. When BSA concentration increased to 3.0%, the disinfectant failed to achieve the disinfection standard for all tested microorganisms after 1.5 min of action. Conclusion The lower the concentration of BSA, the better the disinfection effect of HOCl achieves. During the application of HOCl, the concentration of organic interfering substances should be reduced to improve its disinfection efficacy.

Objective To evaluate the disinfection efficacy of plasma air disinfection machines in the dynamic hospital environment and to analyze the correlation between airborne colony counts and bioaerosol concentration along with influencing factors. Methods The natural sedimentation method and aerosol monitors were employed to measure airborne bacterial colony counts and aerosol concentrations in two groups of hospital wards—one equipped with plasma air disinfection devices and the other without. A multivariate linear regression analysis and correlation analysis were conducted to examine the relationship between airborne bacterial colony counts and aerosol concentrations in the experimental and control groups. Results After disinfection, the airborne colony count in the test group (2.66 ± 0.74) cfu/(plate · 5 min) was significantly lower than that in the control group (4.74 ± 2.59) cfu/(plate · 5 min) (P< 0.05). Correlation analysis revealed a positive correlation between airborne colony counts and the total bioaerosol concentration (r= 0.170, P< 0.05), with a significant association specifically with particles≥2.5 µm in diameter (P< 0.001). Factors such as window ventilation, use of other respiratory medical devices, total number of people in the ward, and toilet usage showed statistically significant effects on airborne colony counts (P< 0.05). Room temperature, mask-wearing rate in the ward, and toilet usage might influence the concentration of bioaerosols in the air (P< 0.05). Conclusion The application of a plasma air disinfector under dynamic hospital operating conditions demonstrates certain disinfection efficacy. Routine monitoring of aerosol concentration, particularly bioaerosol concentration, is beneficial for assessing the transmission risk of airborne pathogenic microorganisms.

针对高等级生物安全实验室标识系统设置不够完善的现状，结合高等级生物安全实验室建设的特点、依托的标识设计规则，通过查阅文献、资料，结合自身工作需求及实际情况，重点考虑工作适用性、尺寸比例审美性、形态构造适应性及材料安全性，从辅助工作区和防护区分别对标识的选择、设计、尺寸、位置及材料进行规范化设置，定期对标识系统设置体系进行功能性指标（使用频率、导向性、信息量、可识别性）、美观性指标（设计风格、色彩搭配）、可持续性指标（使用寿命、颜色变化、更新换代、牢固性、存在风险、光照破坏）等量化评估，持续优化并更新完善标识系统。通过建立高等级生物安全实验室标识系统，不仅实现了“安全第一，预防为主”的原则，而且最大限度地避免高等级生物安全实验室安全事故的发生，为高等级生物安全实验室的安全管理保驾护航，保障实验室在研发、科研、教学等各项事业上优速发展。

Objective To investigate the efficacy of hydrogen peroxide spray, peracetic acid spray, and ultraviolet (UV) germicidal lamp irradiation in removing nucleic acids from MS2 bacteriophage-contaminated aerosols. Methods Bacteriophage aerosols (10¹⁰ PFU/mL) were sprayed at 100 mL into each of five 60 m³ laboratory chambers. Disinfection was performed by spraying with 30 g/L hydrogen peroxide, 5 g/L peracetic acid, or by irradiation using 60, 90, and 120 W UV germicidal lamps. The copy number of the MS2 bacteriophage lysis protein gene was quantified via quantitative RT-PCR to compare the nucleic acid clearance efficacy of the different disinfection methods. Results The average copy numbers of the MS2 gene in the 30 g/L hydrogen peroxide group and the 5 g/L peracetic acid group were lower than that in the positive control group, measuring 1.49×10⁹, 9.85×10⁷ and 8.14×10¹¹, respectively (F=217.396, P < 0.05). The 120 W UV lamp demonstrated the best nucleic acid clearance efficacy, with an average copy number of 7.26×10⁸, which was significantly lower than the control group's 8.14×10¹¹ (F=217.396, P < 0.05). The 120 W UV lamp achieved a nucleic acid clearance rate of 99.91%, higher than that of the 60 W and 90 W lamps, although residual nucleic acids were still detected. Conclusion Hydrogen peroxide, peracetic acid, and UV germicidal lamps exhibit a certain degree of efficacy in removing nucleic acids from highly concentrated aerosol contamination, but cannot achieve complete clearance.

Objective To understand the current status and characteristics of bloodborne occupational exposure among healthcare workers in a tertiary hospital, and to provide references for improving occupational health protection measures for medical personnel. Methods A retrospective analysis was conducted on the data of healthcare workers who experienced bloodborne occupational exposure from January 2015 to December 2024 in a tertiary hospital. Results Over the past decade, a total of 347 occupational exposure incidents occurred in the hospital. Nursing staff accounted for the highest proportion of exposed personnel (55.62%), followed by medical trainees (25.36%) and clinical physicians (15.56%). Percutaneous sharp injuries were the most common exposure route (89.34%), followed by contamination of wounds or mucous membranes (11.66%). The main exposure scenarios included clinical procedures (50.39%), instrument sorting (31.10%), and needle removal (18.50%). Hepatitis B virus was the most frequent exposure source (40.92%). The widely recommended first aid measure for sharp injury exposures was first by squeezing the wound to express blood, followed by rinsing and disinfection. Conclusion Nursing staff experience the highest proportion of occupational exposures, primarily involving sharp injuries during clinical procedures, with hepatitis B virus being the most common source. The correct first aid procedure is to squeeze the wound first, then to rinse and disinfect it.

Objective To compare the efficacy of disinfecting disposable disinfectant wipes with other disinfecting methods in object surface wiping of medical institutions based on network Meta-analysis. Methods Two researchers independently searched Chinese and English databases with a search deadline of April 15, 2024, independently screened the literature and extracted data according to the inclusion and exclusion criteria, the outcome was qualified rate of disinfection,and network Meta-analysis was performed using STATA software. Results A total of 25 studies were included. The network meta-analysis indicated that at 30 minutes post-disinfection, wiping with 500 mg/L chlorine-containing disinfectant demonstrated a significantly higher qualification rate compared to wiping with 75% ethanol (OR=2.10, 95% CI = 1.16-3.82; P<0.05). No statistically significant differences in qualification rates were observed among other disinfectant types or application methods, such as between quaternary ammonium salt-based disinfectant wipes and wiping with 500 mg/L chlorine-containing disinfectant (OR= 1.36, 95% CI = 0.78-2.40; P >0.05). Among the results obtained at 1 h and 2 h after disinfection, there was no significant difference in the qualified rates of disinfection among all disinfection methods compared with each other. Conclusion Disinfection wipes with various ingredients demonstrate comparable efficacy to other disinfection methods, including wiping with chlorine-based disinfectants and 75% ethanol, meeting the surface disinfection requirements for medical facilities.

N-亚硝胺类化合物具有特定的致癌性、遗传毒性和细胞毒性。N-亚硝胺类氯化消毒副产物在氯化消毒后的饮用水中并不以单一形式存在，并且浓度往往较低。目前关于其对人体毒性作用的研究尚不够全面和深入。本文综述了饮用水中N-亚硝胺类氯化消毒副产物的生成与转化，低剂量混合N-亚硝胺类氯化消毒副产物的细胞毒性、遗传毒性和致癌性，以及相关毒性作用机制，为改善饮用水氯化消毒过程，有效减少消毒副产物生成，探索混合低剂量亚硝胺的潜在健康效应提供科学依据。

Objective To investigate the cleaning and disinfection efficacy of disinfectant wipes on the object surfaces of comprehensive dental treatment equipment, and to provide the theoretical evidence for prevention and control nosocomial infection. Methods Object surface samples were collected from dental units across 25 campuses of municipal hospitals in Beijing. Rapid detection methods were employed to assess the level of surface contamination. The cleaning and disinfection efficacy was evaluated after using disposable disinfectant wipes containing quaternary ammonium compounds. Results A total of 900 samples were collected from the comprehensive dental treatment equipment, including 450 samples contaminated by high splash treatment, and 450 samples after cleaning and disinfection. After the high splash treatment, the qualified rate of the contaminated object surfaces was 64.89%, among which the qualified rate of the spittoons (37.33%) was lower than other points. After cleaning and disinfection, the qualified rate of the object surfaces increased to 90.00%, the qualified rate of the patient’s armrests (both sides) was the lowest (82.67%), and the qualified rate of the operating table and panel (doctor’s side) was the highest (94.67%). Conclusion The disinfectant wipes can effectively clean and disinfect the object surfaces of the comprehensive dental treatment equipment. Medical institutions should strengthen the management of the cleaning and disinfection process of comprehensive dental treatment equipment, and pay attention to the dental water lines and high-frequency contact points of patients.

Objective To observe of the disinfection effect of four types of disinfectant wipes on the surfaces of different parts of wheelchairs. Methods The surface materials of different contact parts of the wheelchair were divided into uncoated fabric group, coated fabric group, and polyurethane material armrest group. Quantitative bactericidal test method was used to detect the disinfection efficacy of disinfectant wipes,which contain effective chlorine 102 mg/L disinfectant, 75% ethanol, 10 g/L hydrogen peroxide disinfectant, and 4 500 mg/L quaternary ammonium salt disinfectant on surface contaminated bacteria of the materials. Results Four types of disinfectant wipes were used to wipe and disinfect the surfaces of three groups of materials for 5 minutes, and the average killing logarithm of Staphylococcus aureus and Escherichia coli on the surface of the wheelchair was above 3.0. Conclusion The surface of different parts of the wheelchair is wiped and disinfected with four types of disinfectant wipes, and the disinfection requirements can be met after 5 min of contact.

Objective To observe the disinfection effect and physicochemical properties of two kinds of peracetic acid disinfectants on flexible endoscopes. Methods On-site simulated disinfection experiments and physicochemical analysis methods were used to observe the disinfection effect and physicochemical properties of two kinds of peracetic acid disinfectants on flexible endoscopes. Results Flexible endoscopes were soaked in two kinds of peracetic acid disinfectants with a concentration of 1 000 mg/L for 5 min, and the killing logarithm values of Bacillus subtilis var. niger spores contaminated on the instruments were both >3.00. Two kinds of peracetic acid disinfectants still maintained qualified disinfection effects after using continuously for 14 d. Conclusion The two kinds of peracetic acid disinfectants used in this study have stable performance and good disinfection effects on flexible endoscopes.

Objective To understand the trend of changes in the prevalence of nosocomial infections among inpatients and to provide evidence for improving nosocomial infection management and prevention and control levels. Methods A cross-sectional survey method was used to analyze the prevalence of nosocomial infections among inpatients in a hospital from 2011 to 2022. Results A total of 9 249 inpatients were actually surveyed in the hospital, with an actual survey rate of 99.12% and an average prevalence of nosocomial infections of 2.02%. The sites of nosocomial infections were mainly lower respiratory tract infections, accounting for 31.37%. Among the pathogens causing nosocomial infections, Gram-negative bacteria accounted for 58.77%. The antibiotic usage rate among inpatients was 28.05%, with therapeutic antibiotics accounting for 83.85%. The pathogen testing rate was 70.45%, and the pathogen testing rate before antibiotic use showed a trend of increasing year by year. Conclusions The prevalence of nosocomial infections among inpatients in this hospital is within the national control standards. The pathogen testing for antibiotic use and therapeutic antibiotic use is relatively effective, and close attention should be paid to the monitoring and management of drug-resistant bacterial infections.

Objective To analyze the positive rate of cerebrospinal fluid culture, pathogen distribution, and drug resistance in patients with post-craniotomy intracranial infection (PCII), and to provide evidence for the accurate prevention and control of PCII and the spread of multidrug-resistant organisms. Methods A cross-sectional study was conducted, and patients with PCII admitted to a level-A tertiary hospital in Shanghai from January 2015 to December 2021 were selected as the research subjects. Relevant infection data of the patients were retrospectively collected to analyze the positive rate of cerebrospinal fluid culture, composition of pathogens, and detection rate of multidrug-resistant organisms. Results Among the 228 enrolled patients, 85 were positive for cerebrospinal fluid culture, with a positive rate of 37.28%. The pathogens detected in cerebrospinal fluid cultures were mainly Gram-positive bacteria, accounting for 64.66%. The distribution of pathogens was dominated by coagulase-negative Staphylococci, accounting for 41.35%, of which the detection rate of methicillin-resistant strains were 67.35%. The most common Gram-negative bacteria were Acinetobacter baumannii and Klebsiella pneumoniae, accounting for 8.27% and 6.02%, respectively. The detection rates of carbapenem-resistant Acinetobacter baumannii (CRAB) and carbapenem-resistant Klebsiella pneumoniae (CRKP) were 90.91% and 62.50%, respectively. Conclusion The positive rate of cerebrospinal fluid culture in patients with PCII is relatively low, and the pathogens are mainly coagulase-negative Staphylococci. However, intracranial infections caused by CRAB and CRKP are currently major challenges for nosocomial infection prevention and control in patients undergoing craniotomy.

Objective To explore the occupational exposure status of staff in central sterile supply department (CSSD), analyze its relationship with risk perception and protective behavior, and to evaluate the effect of systematic intervention strategies. Methods Convenient sampling was used to select 302 CSSD staff from 5 comprehensive hospitals in Beijing from March 2024 to March 2025 as the research subjects. A survey was conducted using general information questionnaires, occupational exposure risk perception scales, and occupational protection knowledge, attitude, and behavior questionnaires. Combined with occupational exposure registration data from January 2022 to January 2024 in the hospital infection real-time monitoring system, single factor analysis, multiple factor logistic regression, and path analysis methods were used to explore the influencing factors of occupational exposure and implement corresponding intervention measures. Results The occupational exposure rate of CSSD staff was 27.8% (84/302). Correlation analysis showed that occupational exposure frequency was significantly negatively correlated with the total score of risk perception (r=-0.612, P<0.001) and protective behavior (r=-0.423, P<0.001), while there was a significant positive correlation between risk perception and protective behavior (r=0.588, P<0.001). Multivariate logistic regression analysis showed that the total scores of risk perception, protective behavior, occupational protection training, and work experience were significant protective factors for occupational exposure (OR>1, P<0.05). The analysis of the mediating effect suggested that occupational exposure not only directly reduced the level of protective behavior, but also indirectly affected protective behavior by reducing risk perception. Risk perception played a partial mediating role between the two, with the mediating effect accounting for 40.6% of the total effect. After intervention, both groups showed significant improvements in risk perception, protective behavior, and satisfaction scores compared to before intervention, with the intervention group showing a more significant increase (P<0.001). Conclusion The incidence of occupational exposure among CSSD workers in this region is relatively high, and the level of risk perception and protective behavior is closely related to occupational exposure. By systematically intervening to enhance risk perception, protective behavior can be effectively improved, occupational exposure risks can be reduced, and it has value for promotion and application.

非洲猪瘟病毒（ASFV）为高致病性病原，感染家猪及野猪后致死率极高，全球50个国家受其影响，我国 2018 年首报疫情以来损失惨重，目前尚无特效疫苗与治疗药物，消毒是疫情控制的关键。本文综述了近年来ASFV最新分类情况、灭活方法进展以及国内外对非洲猪瘟疫情的防控措施。当前研究存在毒株差异、毒株少等局限，未来需推进疫苗研发、加强实验室研究及国际协作。

Objective To observe the influence of different material carriers on the disinfection effect of hydrogen peroxide, and to provide reference for the implementation and evaluation of disinfection effects of hydrogen peroxide on different disinfection objects in practical applications. Methods The carrier immersion quantitative bactericidal test method was used to test the killing effect of hydrogen peroxide on the contaminated microorganisms on the carriers of different materials. Results Using 10 g/L hydrogen peroxide disinfectant to soak three types of carriers contaminated with Escherichia coli, the disinfection effects on cloth sheets and stainless steel sheets were better than that on filter paper sheets (P<0.05); Using 30 g/L hydrogen peroxide disinfectant to soak three types of carriers contaminated with Candida albicans, the disinfection effect on cloth was better than that on stainless steel sheets and filter paper sheets (P<0.05); Using 30 g/L hydrogen peroxide disinfectant to soak three types of carriers contaminated with spores of Bacillus subtilis var. niger for 2 h, the disinfection effect of the stainless steel group was better than that of the cloth group and filter paper group (P<0.05); Using 30 g/L hydrogen peroxide disinfectant to spray three types of carriers contaminated with Escherichia coli, the disinfection effect on stainless steel sheets was better than that of cloth sheets and filter paper sheets (P<0.01); Using 60 g/L hydrogen peroxide disinfectant to spray three types of carriers contaminated with Candida albicans and Bacillus subtilis var. niger spores, the disinfection effect on stainless steel sheets was overall better than that of cloth sheets and filter paper sheets (P<0.01). Conclusion Different material carriers have an impact on the disinfection effect of hydrogen peroxide, and different disinfection methods also have an impact on the disinfection effect of different material carriers. When formulating disinfection plans, implementing disinfection processes, and evaluating disinfection effect, it is necessary to consider the impact of disinfection object materials and disinfection methods on disinfection effect.

目的 探讨自主研制的骨科电钻微型清洗消毒槽在电钻清洗消毒中的应用效果。 方法 采用随机分组的方法将2022年5月16—21日回收的76把骨科电钻随机等分为试验组和对照组，对照组采用普通槽清洗，试验组采用自主研发的骨科电钻微型槽清洗。通过目测法、带光源放大镜法、三磷酸腺生物荧光法对清洗效果进行验证；对2种清洗消毒方法的人员体力消耗、成本效益等方面进行性价比分析；采用 5% 亚甲蓝溶液作为喷溅物染色指示剂，进行水平喷溅范围试验。 结果 对照组与试验组合格率相同，均为100%；清洗一把骨科电钻对照组软水使用量（12 000 mL）大于试验组（60 mL）；其含酶清洗剂使用量对照组（400 mL）大于试验组（2 mL）。清洗体力消耗方面，对照组清洗时体力消耗（14.5 N）高于试验组（6.2 N）。亚甲蓝水平喷溅范围试验，对照组喷溅范围100~500 mm，试验组无喷溅。 结论 骨科电钻微型清洗消毒槽的应用，在体力消耗、成本效益、气溶胶或飞溅物喷溅等方面存在优势，具有应用及推广价值。

Objective To observe the germicidal effect of a high-energy pulsed ultraviolet disinfection equipment and to provide basis for practical disinfection applications. Methods Carrier quantitative germicidal test method was used to observe the germicidal effect of a high-energy pulse ultraviolet disinfection equipment. Results The high-energy pulse ultraviolet disinfection equipment was equipped with a xenon lamp tube, emitting ultraviolet intensity of 1.28 mW/cm² at a vertical distance of 1 m. After irradiation for 5 min at a vertical distance of 1 m from the lamp, the killing log values for Staphylococcus aureus and Escherichia coli on the carrier were 3.05 and 3.40, respectively; after irradiation for 5 min, the killing log value for Candida albicans on the carrier was 2.30. Conclusion The high-energy pulsed ultraviolet disinfection equipment has certain killing effect against common bacterial propagules, but its killing effect against fungi is slightly inferior.

Objective To study the application effect of double-chain quaternary ammonium salt disinfectant in preventive disinfection on the surface of environmental objects of nursery institutions. Methods Thirty desktops and bathroom countertops were randomly selected from the classrooms of a nursery institution, and each sample was divided into two areas, the experimental group was disinfected with double-chain quaternary ammonium salt and the control group was disinfected with chlorine-containing disinfectant. Samples were collected at 0, 2, 4 and 8 h after disinfection, respectively, and colony counts were carried out. Results 61 strains of microorganisms were detected on the surface of environmental objects in a nursery institution. The qualified rate of disinfection was 100% in both experimental group and control group 0 h after disinfection of the desktops and bathroom countertops. At 2 h, 4 h and 8 h after disinfection, the qualified rates of the experimental group were 100%, 93.33% and 83.33%, and those of the control group were 90.00%, 76.67% and 53.33%, respectively. The qualified rates of the experimental group and the control group were 53.33% and 56.67% respectively at 2 h after disinfection, and 0% at 4 h and 8 h after disinfection. The average colony number of the experimental group was lower than that of the control group at 4 h and 8 h after desktop disinfection, with statistical significance (P<0.05). Conclusion Double-chain quaternary ammonium salt disinfectant has a sustained effect in the preventive disinfection of environmental surfaces in nursery institutions, and the frequency of disinfection needs to be increased in wet special environments.

Objective To understand the distribution, drug resistance, and risk factors of multidrug-resistant organisms (MDROs) in diabetic foot ulcer infections. Methods A retrospective analysis was conducted to examine and analyze the pathogen specimens submitted from patients with diabetic foot ulcer infections in a hospital. Results Among the etiological specimens submitted from 323 patients with diabetic foot ulcers, a total of 414 strains of pathogens were isolated (128 strains from the mild group and 286 strains from the severe group). Among them, there were 134 strains of multidrug-resistant organisms (MDROs), with a detection rate of 32.37%. The top three types of detected pathogens were Staphylococcus aureus, Escherichia coli, and Klebsiella pneumoniae. Extended-spectrum β-lactamase-producing Escherichia coli was sensitive to imipenem, and methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus was sensitive to vancomycin. Factors such as osteomyelitis, invasive procedures, and more than two hospitalizations were identified as independent risk factors for MDROs in diabetic foot ulcer infections. Conclusion The detection rate of MDROs in pathogens causing diabetic foot infections is high, and the risk factors are clear. Preventive and control measures should be strengthened for high-risk factors.

Objective To understand the current status of cleaning and disinfection of flexible endoscopes in medical institutions in Shaanxi Province, so as to standardize the reprocessing procedures. Methods An on-site investigation was conducted across 42 medical institutions in the province to document the types of disinfectants used and the methods of cleaning and disinfection. Endoscopes reprocessed with different disinfectants and final rinse water were sampled on-site, and the results were statistically analyzed after culturing and colony counting. Results A total of 230 endoscopes from 42 medical institutions in 8 cities were monitored, with an overall qualification rate of 95.65%. This included 112 gastroscopes (94.6% qualified), 93 colonoscopes (96.8% qualified), and 25 bronchoscopes (96.0% qualified). Among the samples, 187 were from tertiary hospitals (95.7% qualified) and 43 from secondary hospitals (95.3% qualified). No statistically significant difference was observed in the qualification rates among the five disinfectants tested: ortho-phthalaldehyde, glutaraldehyde, peracetic acid, chlorine-based compounds, and electrolyzed oxidizing water (χ²=1.152, P >0.05). The highest qualification rate was observed for the combined manual and automated cleaning method (100%), while the lowest was for fully automated cleaning only (84.6%), with the difference being statistically significant (χ²=7.323, P <0.05). A total of 56 samples of final rinse water were collected, showing a qualification rate of only 62.5%, with severely elevated microbial counts. The qualification rates for final rinse water from tertiary and secondary hospitals were 61.9% and 64.3%, respectively, with no statistically significant difference (χ²=0.025, P >0.05). Conclusion While the monitoring results indicate a high qualification rate for endoscope disinfection in Shaanxi Province, the low qualification rate of final rinse water highlights the need to strengthen process evaluation of endoscope reprocessing in addition to disinfection efficacy assessment.

Objective To study the disinfection efficacy of a dielectric barrier discharge (DBD) deep ultraviolet light source under ice-covered conditions and to provide a research basis for the subsequent application of ultraviolet disinfection technology under ice-covered conditions. Methods Using the carrier quantitative germicidal test method, DBD far-ultraviolet rays were used to kill bacterial vegetative cells and viruses on the slide carrier under low temperature ice conditions, and the disinfection effect of DBD far-ultraviolet light source was observed by comparing the protein content in the bacterial suspension before and after ultraviolet rays. Results At an ambient temperature of -20℃, DBD far-ultraviolet radiation with a dose of 30 mJ/cm² transmitted through an ice layer with a thickness of 50 mm, and the killing rates of Escherichia coli and Staphylococcus aureus were >99.9%, and the logarithm inactivation of H1N1 influenza A virus, enterovirus type 71 and poliovirus type I vaccine strains all reached 4.0. DBD far ultraviolet radiation dose of 150 mJ/cm² was irradiated on the glass carrier through a 50 mm thick ice layer, and the killing rate of Escherichia coli was >99.999%, and the killing rate of Staphylococcus aureus reached 100.0%. After irradiation of Escherichia coli and Staphylococcus aureus suspensions with DBD far-ultraviolet (far-UV) light sources at doses of 150, 300 and 600 mJ/cm², the extracellular protein content increased with higher irradiation doses (F=20.541 and 35.762, P<0.001). Conclusion Under low temperature conditions, DBD deep ultraviolet light irradiation with a radiation dose of ≥30 mJ/cm² can effectively kill two kinds of bacterial propagates and three kinds of viruses on the slide carrier.

Objective To observe the disinfection effect of potassium monopersulfate disinfectant powder and to provide data support for practical disinfection applications. Methods The suspension quantitative sterilization test method was used to observe the disinfection effect of a certain potassium monopersulfate disinfectant powder. Results When treated with a disinfectant solution containing potassium monopersulfate at a concentration of 200 mg/L for 10 min, the killing logarithmic values of Escherichia coli and Pseudomonas aeruginosa in suspension were both >5.00; when treated for 20 min, the killing logarithmic value of Staphylococcus aureus in suspension was >5.00, and the killing logarithmic value of Candida albicans was >4.00. When treated with a disinfectant solution containing 1 000 mg/L potassium monopersulfate for 60 min, the killing logarithmic value of Bacillus subtilis var. niger spores in suspension was >5.00. When treated with a disinfectant solution containing 500 mg/L potassium monopersulfate for 20 min, and the killing logarithmic value of poliovirus in suspension was >4.00. Conclusion The potassium monopersulfate disinfectant powder has good disinfection effect, and has practical disinfection application prospects.

Objective To investigate the current status of multidrug-resistant organism (MDRO) infections in a general hospital and to establish a time series model to forecast the incidence trends of MDRO-associated nosocomial infections. Methods Using retrospective investigation and statistical analysis methods, MDRO infection data among hospitalized patients in a hospital from 2010 to 2023 was conducted. The optimal time series prediction model for hospital MDRO infection was established. The prediction effect of MDRO infection data from January to June 2024 was validated. Results A total of 342 069 hospitalized patients were surveyed, among whom 2 198 cases had MDRO infections with an average prevalence rate of 0.64%. 382 cases of MDRO hospital-acquired infections, representing incidence nosocomial infection rate of 0.11%. The in-hospital prevalence rate of MDRO showed a increasing trend from 2010 to 2023 ($\chi$²_趋势=44.891, P<0.001). The MDRO nosocomial infection department primarily involved the intensive care unit (51.57%) and neurosurgery (11.26%). The most common infection sites were the respiratory system (71.47%) and urinary tract (18.06%). The predominant pathogens were Acinetobacter baumannii (46.60%), Escherichia coli (16.23%), and Staphylococcus aureus (15.18%). The ARIMA (2,0,2)(0,0,1) model demonstrated the best predictive performance for MDRO-associated nosocomial infection incidence rates, achieving a stable coefficient of determination (R²) of 0.746.The application of this model predicted the prevalence of MDRO hospital-acquired infections in the first half of 2024, and the predicted values were within the 95% confidence interval of the actual values. Conclusion Hospitals should strengthen the monitoring of MDRO infections and analyze infection rate trends in key departments and critical areas. The ARIMA(2,0,2)(0,0,1) model has demonstrated strong short-term predictive performance for MDRO-associated nosocomial infections.

Objective In order to grasp the current situation and existing problems of medical waste management in various small medical institutions. Methods A questionnaire-based survey was conducted to evaluate medical waste management practices across 31 small medical institutions in 16 districts and counties of Chongqing Municipality. The study aimed to identify the predominant challenges in the current management system and propose strategic recommendations for its enhancement. Results Small medical institutions produced less waste, mainly infectious waste. The waste production coefficient of village clinics and general clinics were 0.03 kg/ people, respectively. The waste production coefficient of specialist clinics and community health stations was 0.16 kg/ people and 0.11 kg/ people. Medical waste disposal fees of small medical institutions are mainly monthly or annual fees, among which village clinics are mainly handed over to superior medical institutions for centralized disposal. Conclusion The common problem in the management of medical waste in various types of small medical institutions is mainly the delayed collection and transportation of medical waste. In addition, there are serious problems with non-standard storage facilities for medical waste, non-standard classification of medical waste, and non-standard disinfection of medical wastewater in village clinics, general clinics, and specialist clinics. It is suggested to formulate guidelines for standardized management of medical waste in small medical institutions, strengthen training on medical waste management in small medical institutions, strengthen supervision and inspection, improve the collection, transportation and disposal capacity of medical waste, and reduce the risk of medical waste disposal in small medical institutions.