医务人员手是医院感染的主要传播途径，医院感染暴发与手卫生执行不到位密切相关。正确的手卫生是预防和控制接触性新发疾病最简单、最经济最实用的方法，同时也是保障患者和医务人员安全的重要途径。本文基于国内外手卫生依从性的研究现状，综合归纳了手卫生依从性的监测方法以及多模式的手卫生改善策略，并分析了手卫生在医疗相关性感染防控中的重要作用，以期帮助医务人员理解手卫生的重要性，提醒其增强手卫生意识，进而全面提高我国医疗机构手卫生管理水平，为降低医院感染发生率提供支持。

目的 探讨品管圈（QCC）用于消毒供应中心（CSSD）手术器械清洗质量及护士岗位胜任力提升的效果。方法 组建QCC小组，回顾分析2020年4—6月CSSD手术器械清洗质量，分析清洗不合格原因，设定改进目标、制订并实施针对性改进措施。比较干预前（2020年4—6月）与干预后（2020年9—12月）手术器械清洗质量和护士岗位胜任力等指标合格情况。结果 实施干预后，手术器械清洗不合格率低于干预前（0.21% vs 0.61%；χ²=1 049.497，P<0.05），QCC目标达标率为105.26%。干预后，手术器械老化、清洗前未预处理、质量意识不强、未规范执行操作规程，这些不良事件的发生率均低于干预前（P<0.05）。干预后，CSSD护士专业知识、操作技能、综合能力、个人特质和岗位胜任力总分均高于干预前（P<0.05）。结论 QCC能够提高CSSD手术器械清洗质量，促进护士岗位胜任力的提升。

呼吸机相关性肺炎（VAP）是机械通气患者最常见的医院感染类型，对患者的康复和预后产生严重影响。近年来，口腔护理在预防VAP中的作用引起越来越多的关注。擦拭法、冲洗法、刷牙法等口腔护理方法之间各有优劣，关于不同口腔护理方法对VAP预防效果的循证医学研究较少，且临床实施方法仍存在争议。因此，本文综述VAP的发病机制、口腔护理方法及作用机制等方面的研究进展，总结口腔护理对预防VAP的作用及存在的问题，以探索更优的口腔护理模式。

Objective To investigate and analyze current situation of central sterile supply department(CSSD). Methods A self designed questionnaire was used in this study. The general information, the number of operation, CSSD area、 management model、 equipment、 human resources in CSSD of 3 080 hospitals in 31 provinces (autonomous regions and municipalities) in China were investigated in September 2023. Results A total of 3 080 questionnaires were collected and 3 077 were valid, and the recovery rate was 99.90%. 79.62％ of CSSD was managed by nursing department, and centralized management ratio was 91.19%. Grade III hospital was higher than Grade II hospital, and there were statistical significance between Grade III level A/B hospitals and Grade II/other hospital (P<0.001). Average ratio of CSSD area to bed was 0.78，and average staff total number was 2.27 per 100 beds， while nurses was 74.17% and specialty nurses was 14.83%. The Class III level A hospital has the highest monthly average number of sterilization packs and staff, with 23 521 sterilization packs and 45 staff members, and steam sterilizer was 2.76 every hospital, low temperature hydrogen peroxide sterilizer which increased rapidly was 1.66, automatic washer-disinfector was 2.34, however, automatic endoscope re-processor was 0.52. Conclusion The management model， area, equipment, human resources of CSSD has improved in different extent，but area，human resource of CSSD did not meet the rapid increasing needs.

介绍达芬奇机器人手术器械的分类及构造，阐述达芬奇机器人手术器械清洗消毒灭菌方法及清洗消毒灭菌效果监测方法研究现状，为制订达芬奇机器人手术器械清洗消毒灭菌及效果监测的标准作业流程提供借鉴。

口腔综合治疗台管道系统易形成生物膜，其潜在的医院感染风险易带来公共安全问题,其微生物污染问题引起很多学者的关注，人们对口腔综合治疗台水路微生物污染的关注度也日益增加。本文就口腔综合治疗台水路微生物污染现状及感染防控措施进行综述。

Objective To study the disinfection effectiveness and safety of 222 nm ultraviolet, and to provide scientific basis for its practical application. Methods The quantitative virus inactivation test, carrier quantitative germicidal test, cell safety of layered cell slices and disposable skin irritation test were used to evaluate the virucidal effect, germicidal effect and safety of 222 nm ultraviolet source. Results Under the condition of radiation dose of 15 mJ/cm², the killing rate of 222 nm ultraviolet on Escherichia coli and Staphylococcus aureus on carriers was 99.52% and 99.97%, respectively, when the organic interfering substance was 0.3% BSA; and the killing rates of the above two types of bacteria were 85.05% and 99.49% respectively, when the organic interfering substance was 3% BSA. When the radiation dose was 30 mJ/cm², the inactivation rate of 222 nm ultraviolet on H1N1 influenza A virus, enterovirus 71 and poliovirusⅠvaccine strains on the carriers was up to 99.9%. When irradiated with the same dose in the layered cell model, the survival rate of the upper and lower cells was about 70% and 80%, respectively. At a radiation dose of 479 mJ/cm², no obvious irritation was observed when rabbits skin were irradiated with 222 nm ultraviolet for 48 h. Conclusion The 222 nm ultraviolet had good killing effect on bacterial propagules and viruses, and its penetration into the deep cells was limited without obvious skin irritation.

Objective To systematically evaluate the cleaning quality and related influencing factors of instruments in central sterile supply department of domestic hospitals. Methods ThePubMed, CNKI and other databases were searched from inception to May 2024. Meta-analysis was performed using Review Manager 5.4.1 software. Results A total of 17 articles were included, involving 16 946 samples. The study showed that the unqualified rate of equipment cleaning in the central sterile supply departmentof domestic hospitals was 11 %. Among the 21 factors investigated, 13 were related to the quality of instrument cleaning: pretreatment standardization, operation process standardization, strictness of supervision system, layout of cleaning equipment, application of cleaning equipment, selection of cleaning tools, selection of cleaning agent, cleaning method, time of instrument soaking cleaning agent, presence of rust remover or cleaning agent residue, quality detection method, knowledge of operators and protection of cleaning personnel. Conclusion The unqualified rate of instrument cleaning in the CSSD of domestic hospitals is high, and many factors may lead to the decline of instrument cleaning quality.

Objective To observe the corrosiveness of commonly used disinfectants on metal surfaces, so as to provide a reference for their standardized use. Methods The corrosion testing method was used to observe the corrosiveness of alcohols, chlorine-containing disinfectants, hydrogen peroxide and quaternary ammonium salts on carbon steel, aluminum, copper, stainless steel and zinc. Results Alcohol disinfectants had no corrosion on stainless steel and copper, but had slight corrosion on zinc. Chlorine-containing disinfectant containing 1 000 mg/L effective chlorine had no corrosion on stainless steel, and had moderate corrosion on copper, aluminum and carbon steel. 60 g/L hydrogen peroxide disinfectant had no corrosion on stainless steel and carbon steel, moderate corrosion on zinc sheet and mild corrosion on aluminum. 1 000 mg/L quaternary ammonium salt disinfectants had no corrosion on stainless steel and copper, and light and moderate corrosion on carbon steel. Conclusion Except stainless steel, the four commonly used disinfectants have different degrees of corrosion on other four metals, among which alcohol and quaternary ammonium salt disinfectants are less corrosive.

Objective To study the influencing factors of intracranial infection in patients after neuronavigation-assisted puncture drainage for intracerebral hemorrhage, and to provide the prevention and control of postoperative infection. Methods The clinical data and laboratory etiological examination data of patients with intracranial infection after neuronavigation-assisted puncture drainage for spontaneous intracerebral hemorrhage in a hospital were investigated retrospectively. Univariate and multivariate logistic regression analysis were used to analyze the influencing factors of intracranial infection. Results A total of 145 patients undergoing hematoma puncture and drainage were enrolled in this study. Postoperatively, intracranial infection occurred in 36 cases, with an infection rate of 24.8%. Among these infected patients, 5 strains of pathogenic bacteria were identified in cerebrospinal fluid, including 4 Gram-positive strains and 1 Gram-negative strain. Multivariate analysis indicated that preoperative GCS score≤8, no preoperative administration of antibiotics, and drainage tube indwelling time≥3 d were independent risk factors for intracranial infection following neuronavigation-assisted hematoma puncture and drainage. Conclusion The incidence of intracranial infection in patients undergoing intracerebral hematoma drainage in this hospital is relatively high. Patients with preoperative coma, no antibiotics, and drainage tube indwelling time ≥3 d are at high risk for intracranial infections, and the perioperative management of such patients should be strengthened.

Objective To analyze and reveal the current situation and trend of the researches of 222nm disinfection, and to provide evidence for the subsequent researches. Methods Relevant literature from the Web of Science Core Collection, PubMed, Embase, and Scopus database before July 20, 2022 was conducted a search. Year of publication, number of articles, authors and keyword distribution information was analyzed, using the VOSviewersoftware. Results Totally 110 related 222 nm ultravioletarticleswere retrieved, with an overall increasing trend in the number of publications. There were 45 core authorsand 4 core teams, distributed in the United States, Japan and Germany. There were 6 research hotspots, which were the effects of far-ultraviolet light on bacteria and fungi, animal research on UV radiation mutagenesis, research on the radiation effect of far-ultraviolet light on cells and skin, the application of far-ultraviolet light in food safety, the sterilizing effect of far-ultraviolet light on coronaviruses, and the effects of far-ultraviolet light equipment on new coronaviruses Conclusion 222 nm ultraviolet disinfection is in a rapidly increasing stage. The current research focus is on the application and safety of far-UVC.

Objective To investigate the sterilization effect of the new cold evaporative hydrogen peroxide transfer window in the process of transferring goods, and to verify the concentration attenuation and sterilization effect of disinfectant after opening. Method The particle size of the dry mist generated by the generator was characterized and analyzed by particle size analyzer, and the sterilization effect was verified by biological indicators. The accelerated disinfectant decay test was simulated to explore the concentration and sterilization effect of four brands of disinfectants. Results The particle size distribution of the dry fog produced by the transfer window was concentrated, and the particle size of <5 μm accounted for 93%. The logarithmic value of killing steatobacterium thermophilus spores could reach 6 within 1 h of the sterilization cycle, and the sterilization effect was stable. In addition, the transfer window could achieve a stable and good sterilization effect for disinfectants with different ingredients. In the case of open placement, the concentrations of the four disinfectants showed a downward trend, but the downward trend was different, with the concentrations of brand A decreasing slowly, only 25% and 32%; while the concentrations of brands B and C decreased rapidly, reaching 76% and 62%. Conclusion The hydrogen peroxide transfer window has good sterilization performance and stable effect.

Objective To investigate the physicochemical properties, disinfection efficacy against indicator microorganisms, and corrosion effects on common metals of three sodium percarbonate-based disinfectants. Methods The active oxygen content, pH value and metal corrosiveness of the three sodium percarbonate disinfectants were measured. Their bactericidal efficacy was evaluated using the quantitative suspension test. Results The active oxygen content of disinfectant A, B and C were 13.2%, 12.1% and 8.93%, respectively. A and B met the standard requirements, while C fell below the standard. At active oxygen content of 1.0%, the pH values of A, B, and C were 10.23, 10.10, and 10.52. All three disinfectants showed no significant corrosiveness to stainless steel, aluminum, or copper, but exhibited slight corrosiveness to carbon steel. The killing log value (KL) against Escherichia coli of disinfectant B≥5.00 with 0.05% active oxygen content incubating for 30 min, against Pseudomonas aeruginosa needed 0.1% active oxygen content for 30 min, and against Staphylococcus aureus needed 0.6% active oxygen content for 15 min. Disinfectant A and C needed 45 min to reach KL≥5.00. For Candida albicans, all three disinfectants with 2.0% active oxygen content achieved KL≥4.00 after 15 min. B completely eliminated Candida albicans within 15 min, while samples A and C required 30 min for complete eradication. In the test against Bacillus subtilis var. niger, all three disinfectants at 3.0% active oxygen content failed to reach KL≤5.00) after 120 min. Conclusion All three sodium percarbonate disinfectants can effectively killing bacterial propagules and fungi, but showed limited efficacy against spores and exhibited slight corrosiveness to carbon steel.

目的 了解中医医院医务人员血源性职业暴露特点，为有效降低职业暴露风险提供参考。方法 采用回顾性调查方法，收集2018年1月—2022年12月某中医医院236例血源性职业暴露资料，分析血源性职业暴露高风险因素。结果 2018—2022年职业暴露者中，初级职称人员占比最高（71.19%）；7月发生职业暴露事件占比最高（11.86%）；医生暴露率呈上升趋势（χ²_趋势=6.326，P=0.012）；医生和护士职业暴露场所主要分别为手术室（60.32%）和病区（74.85%）；职业暴露环节主要集中在医废处置、拔针、手术操作/缝合、动静脉采血/注射、回套针帽。结论 每年7月份应增加职业防护培训频次，重点针对初级职称人员，严格标准预防措施，践行长效机制，降低职业暴露发生率。

目的 口腔科的诊疗具有患者流动性大，传染病情况不明，经常接触唾液及血液等特点，是感染管理的重点科室。近年来口腔综合治疗台水路（DUWL）污染成为研究热点，DUWL由于内部结构特殊，管路狭长导致常规消毒方法不适用，且高速旋转仪器抛出的气溶胶对医患存在潜在威胁，成为口腔科感染管理的重点难点。国内外学者为有效控制DUWL污染，对造成污染的微生物种类及相应的污染控制方法展开了诸多研究，本文主要对DUWL污染及其控制现状、最新技术规范进行综述，为今后水路管理提供参考与借鉴。

Objective To identify effective neutralizers for multi-purpose disinfecting solutions containing polyhexamethylenebiguanide(PHMB) as a biocide and hydrogen peroxide-based disinfecting solutions. Methods To evaluate the effectiveness of the selected neutralizers in removing residual PHMB and hydrogen peroxide, Pseudomonasaeruginosa Staphylococcus aureus, Escherichia coli, Candida albicans, and Fusariumsolani were used in tests. Three experimental groups including diluent group, neutralizer group and product of neutralization group were designed. For each group, 10 mL of the corresponding solution was mixed with above microorganisms separately and incubated for 10 min, followed by post-culture counting. The recovery rate from the neutralizer group or product of neutralization group was at least 50% of the recovery in the diluent group. Results For multi-purpose disinfecting solutions containing PHMB, the recovey rates of five microorganisms in product of D/E neutralizer broth or Letheen broth were at least 83%. For hydrogen peroxide-based disinfecting solutions, the recovey rates of Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Escherichia coli were 3% and 2% respectively in product of D/E neutralizer broth; the recovey rates of five microorganisms in 1 mg/mL eatalase solution were at leat 84%. Conclusion D/E neutralizer broth and Letheen broth can be used as neutralizers for multi-purpose disinfecting solutions containing PHMB. 1 mg/mL catalase solution can be used as a neutralizer for hydrogen peroxide-based disinfecting solutions.

Objective To study the effects of diluent type, soaking time and ultrasonic time on the spore count of Geobacillus stearothermophilus of stainless steel hydrogen peroxide bioindicator. Methods Geobacillus stearothermophilus spores biological indicator were soaked in water, normal saline, 0.1% Tween 80 aqueous solution and 0.1% Tween 80 saline for 2 h, and then sonicated for 40 min to screen the dilution with the highest spore recovery. The ultrasonic time and soaking time with the highest spore recovery were screened under different combination conditions of ultrasonic 0~80 min and soaking 0~4 h, and three parallel samples were set up for each combination to calculate the spore recovery rate. Results With 0.1% Tween 80 aqueous solution as dilution, the spore recovery rate was the highest, reaching 118.25%. The spore recovery rate of 40 kHz ultrasound frequency and 40 min ultrasound at 200 W power was 105.25%, which were higher than those of other ultrasound times. After soaking for 2 h, the spore recovery rate was the highest, reaching 91.9%. Conclusion After soaking in 0.1% Tween 80 aqueous solution for 2 h and ultrasonic for 40 min for spore counting, the spore recovery rate of biological indicator is the highest, reaching 118.25%.

Objective To investigate recovery effect of cyanuric acid from swimming pool water using melamine, and to determine the optimal recovery conditions, so as to provide experimental evidence for practical application. Methods The recovery of cyanuric acid from swimming pool water was tested using the melamine recovery method, liquid chromatography, and spectrophotometry. The content and recovery rate of cyanuric acid were verified, and the influencing factors were analyzed. Results The optimal reaction time for melamine and cyanuric acid was 20 min, and the optimal reaction ratio was between 1:1 and 1:1.2. Strong acidic and alkaline conditions were not favorable for the formation of precipitates between melamine and cyanuric acid, with the optimal pH value ranging from 6 to 7. Under the study conditions, the recovery rate of cyanuric acid from swimming pool water reached 84.70%. An appropriate concentration of PO₄^3--P could enhance the recovery effect of cyanuric acid. The maximum recovery rate reached 98.54% when the concentration of PO₄^3--P was 3 mg/L. Conclusion The application of melamine can efficiently recover cyanuric acid from swimming pool water, which realized the resource utilization and harmless treatment of swimming pool water.

Objective To investigate the disinfection effect and safety of a new type of multi-effect composite air disinfection machine. Methods The disinfection effect and safety of the air sterilizer were analyzed and discussed by simulated field test and on-site test. Results The sterilizer combined plasma, ultraviolet light and photocatalyst and started disinfection for 120 min. The killing rate of the sterilizer on Staphylococcus albus in test chamber was 99.99%. The killing logarithm values were >4.00 against Escherichia coli and Staphylococcus epidermidis on contaminated glass slides. The killing rate for enterovirus EV71 and influenza A H1N1 were 100%, while the death rate of natural bacteria in the air exceeded 90%. Moreover, no leakages of ultraviolet and ozone were detected. Conclusion The sterilizer demonstrates significant effectiveness against a variety of microorganisms, without ultraviolet radiation and ozone leakage.

本文简介了生物指示剂作为灭菌质量关键评估工具的发展历程，在芽孢生物特性的基础上阐述了生物指示剂的原理及技术发展历程，重点总结了微流控在生物快速指示剂研发中的潜在应用，并对其应用前景进行展望。本文旨在为医疗机构消毒供应中心及相关灭菌质量监测部门提供生物指示剂的系统性认知框架，并为灭菌质量控制的优化决策提供理论支撑与科学依据。

Objective To analyze the clinical epidemiological characteristics and drug resistance of carbapenem-resistant Acinetobacter baumannii (CRAB), so as to provide scientific basis for rational use of antibiotics and prevention and control of nosocomial infections caused by multi-drug resistant bacteria. Methods Using the retrospective survey method, the medical records and drug resistance test results of hospitalized patients with CRAB infection in a hospital from 2018 to 2023 were statistically analyzed, and the clinical distribution characteristics and drug resistance changes of CRAB infection were analyzed and compared. Results A total of 212 cases of CRAB nosocomial infection occurred in 6 years, and the total infection rate was 0.33‰. There was no significant difference in the incidence of CRAB infection between years (χ²_trend= 0.346, P= 0.556). The main infection site was respiratory tract (79.25%), and the age of patients was more than 70 years old (44.09%). The main infection departments were comprehensive ICU (38.21%) and emergency ICU (30.19%), and the main source of CRAB samples was sputum (71.11%). The resistance rate of CRAB to imipenem, piperacillin/tazobactam and meropenem was as high as 100.00%, and the resistance rate to ceftriaxone, ceftazidime, cefepime and ciprofloxacin was more than 95.00%. The resistance rate to cefoperazone/sulbactam was the lowest (32.88%). Conclusion During the six years, the hospital has a good control of CRAB infection, but it is necessary to strengthen the management of ICU departments and transferred patients, and further standardize the clinical application of antibiotics.

Objective To establish the quantitative test method for residual hydrogen peroxide on the surface of objects after vaporized hydrogen peroxide disinfection, so as to guide the safe treatment after disinfection. Methods The concentration of residual hydrogen peroxide on the surface of objects in the environment after vaporization hydrogen peroxide disinfection was determined by on-site sampling and ultraviolet spectrophotometry. Results The lowest detection levels were 1.051 3 μg, 1.062 4 μg and 0.078 4 μg for wipe-type, dip-type and fill-type consumables respectively, with the recoveries ranging from 85% to 120% and precision less than 15%. After normal sterilization in the isolator, inside the breathing bag, hydrogen peroxide residues were measured on vials, ordinary rubber stoppers and compartments of the sample package. Fluorine-coated stoppers were less likely to absorb hydrogen peroxide residues than ordinary stoppers. Conclusion The method is able to quantify hydrogen peroxide residues on sterilized consumables and countertops in isolators.

Objective To understand the knowledge of domestic hospital CSSD sterilizers and managers about the process indicators of the wet pack quality management system, and to provide a reference for standardizing the management of CSSD wet packs. Methods The questionnaire was developed by experts of the Hubei Provincial Sterilization and Supply Professional Committee, and the electronic questionnaire was distributed through the WeChat web platform from October 23, 2023 to October 31, 2023 to conduct a cross-sectional survey of 1, 751 CSSD sterilizers and managers in 1, 153 hospitals in China. Results CSSD sterilizers and managers' perceptions of the correctness of some of the process indicators of the wet pack quality management system varied widely, ranging from 25.59% to 92.75%. The overall knowledge of sterilizers and managers in tertiary hospitals was stronger than that of sterilizers and managers in secondary hospitals (P<0.05); the knowledge of sterilizers and managers with >5 years of experience was higher than that of sterilizers and managers with ≤5 years of experience (P<0.05); the knowledge of managers of the statement “There should be no bundling of sterilized items” was higher than that of sterilizers, and the knowledge of sterilizers of the statement “There should be no bundling of sterilized items” was higher than that of sterilizers. Sterilizers had a higher awareness of “there should be a gap between two adjacent sterilized packages” than managers (P<0.05); cognitive ability was not positively correlated with job title level. Conclusion Sterilizers and managers with ≤5 years of experience in secondary hospitals have relatively poor knowledge of some of the process indicators of the wet pack quality management system and need to be improved.

目的 观察雾化过氧化氢智能消毒机器人在不同设定条件下对负压隔离病房的消毒效果，为实现非接触式消毒策略提供参考。方法 使用雾化过氧化氢智能消毒机器人对隔离病房进行空间消毒，过氧化氢输入量为10 mL/m³，雾化时间为36 min。消毒前后，用棉拭子涂抹法对环境中高风险及高频接触的19个位点进行采样，并接种培养和菌落计数，计算自然菌杀灭率。结果 在微正压状态与负压状态下，使用雾化过氧化氢智能消毒机器人进行空间消毒，自然菌杀灭率均合格；微正压状态略优于负压（94.92% vs 93.00%）。织物的表面自然菌杀灭率为71.11%，非织物表面自然菌杀灭率相对较高（97.09%）。结论 雾化过氧化氢消毒机器人的消毒效果良好，对非织物表面消毒效果更佳，在负压隔离病房中使用此方法能降低人员暴露风险，提高医院感染控制水平。

Objective To observe the antibacterial effect of a compound of Chinese medicine and its cream in vitro. Methods Quantitative bacteriostatic test by carrier immersion and minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) test were used to evaluate the bacteriostatic effect of a traditional Chinese medicine compound and its cream in vitro. Results The inhibition rates of Staphylococcus aureus, Escherichia coli and Candida albicans were 94.0%, 89.0% and 46.3%, respectively, after being treated with 50 mg/mL compound solution for 4 h. The antibacterial rates of the compound cream were 42.9%, 75.0% and 17.7%, respectively. The MIC of a Chinese herbal compound against Staphylococcus aureus, Escherichia coli and Candida albicans were 0.8, 0.8 and 12.8 mg/mL, respectively. The minimum bactericide concentration (MBC) of Staphylococcus aureus, Escherichia coli and Candida albicans were 3.2, 3.2 and 51.2 mg/mL, respectively. Conclusion The compound of traditional Chinese medicine and its cream have certain bacteriostatic effects on Staphylococcus aureus, Escherichia coli and Candida albicans.

Objective To evaluate the dynamic disinfection efficacy of a 222 nm ultraviolet (UV) sterilizer on high-frequency contact surfaces and airborne bacteria in a respiratory intensive care unit (RICU). Methods Seven isolated rooms within the RICU of a tertiary hospital in Zhejiang, China, were selected. Rooms were assigned to either a control group (Room 2, 4, 6) receiving routine cleaning and ventilation, or an intervention group (Room 1, 3, 5, 7) receiving additional disinfection using a 222 nm UV sterilizer. Environmental samples were collected continuously for 3 days, with air and surface samples taken every 2 hours from 8:00 to 16:00 daily, totaling 1 050 samples. Bacterial colony counts and detection rates of Acinetobacter baumannii (AB) and Klebsiella pneumoniae (KP) were measured. Results The intervention group showed significantly lower mean colony counts on both surfaces and in air samples compared to the control group (P<0.05). Surface bacterial load was reduced from (161.63±464.17) cfu/cm² to (54.64±220.59) cfu/cm², while airborne bacterial load decreased from (215.14±303.88) cfu/m² to (150.65±106.52) cfu/m². The detection rates of AB and KP also decreased significantly in both surface and air samples. Conclusion The 222 nm ultraviolet sterilizer demonstrates significant disinfecting efficacy in the RICU environment. It effectively reduces microbial contamination on surfaces and in the air. Notably, it exhibits more stable and sustained efficacy for air disinfection. This device serves as a robust supplementary measure to routine disinfection protocols.

目的 调查新生儿重症监护室（NICU）呼吸机相关性肺炎（VAP）的临床分布特点，分析其危险因素，评价干预效果。方法 采用回顾性调查方法，以2017－2020年某医院NICU 1 028例呼吸机置管患儿为调查对象。2017－2018年（基线调查期）给予常规防控措施，分析VAP分布特征；2019－2020年（干预期）在强化常规防控措施的基础上增加组合干预措施，比较干预前后VAP例次发病率差异，评价干预效果。结果 早产、长时间置管、低体重、超重是NICU呼吸机置管患儿发生VAP的相关危险因素（P<0.05）。干预期VAP例次发病率明显低于基线调查期（χ²=14.10，P<0.05）。44例VAP患儿送检标本中，共检出51株病原菌；以革兰阴性杆菌为主（70.59%）。结论 在常规防控措施的基础上，增加保护性隔离、严格环境清洁消毒、规范工作人员医疗护理操作等综合干预措施，可降低NICU呼吸机置管患儿VAP发生率。

目的 探讨基于消毒供应质量控制指标的管腔器械清洗消毒流程优化。方法 采取多科联动、规范管腔器械预处理、研发多功能清洗消毒装置等措施，优化管腔器械清洗消毒流程。分别采用记录时间、ATP生物荧光法和满意度调查方法，收集分析流程优化前后消毒供应中心的管腔类手术器械清洗质量控制指标。结果 优化流程后，管腔类手术器械清洗合格率从87.30%提升至99.58%；清洗消毒时间从（74.40±1.385）min缩短至（68.29±1.458）min；消毒供应中心人员满意率从42.86%提高到96.43%。结论 优化基于消毒供应质量控制指标的管腔器械清洗流程，有助于提高管腔器械的清洗消毒效率和满意度。

目的 了解城市托幼机构消毒质量状况，为提升托幼机构消毒质量提供依据。方法 通过现场采样和检测方法，对深圳市龙岗区托幼机构消毒质量进行监测与分析。结果 监测期间共采样6 191份，平均合格率为91.37%。2019—2022年合格率分别为95.10%、95.79%、91.55%和90.36%。使用中消毒液、儿童玩具、室内空气和物体表面监测合格率均>95.00%，但保育员、老师及幼儿手卫生和紫外灯辐照度合格率较低，分别为81.09%和86.50%。结论 深圳市龙岗区托幼机构的消毒质量总体合格率较高，但还需加强工作人员及幼儿手卫生管理。

Objective To evaluate the disinfection by-products (DBP) and population health risks in drinking water in a certain district of Chongqing, so as to provide a scientific basis for ensuring drinking water safety. Methods The on-site sampling and physical and chemical analysis methods were used to monitor and assess the health risks of DBP in the drinking water of the area. Results A total of 94 water samples were monitored in the area, with detection rates of 99.0%, 85.0%, 81.0%, 1.1%, 100.0%, and 87.0% for trichloromethane, dichlorobromomethane, dichlorodibromomethane, tribromomethane, chlorate, and chlorite, respectively. The qualified rate of trichloromethane was 95.0%, with the highest content reaching 104.89 μg/L, which was 2.42 times the limit standard of GB 5749 —2022 Sanitary Standards for Drinking Water. The DBP content of other types was below the safety limit. The total carcinogenic risk and non carcinogenic risk of DBP exposure through drinking water were 43.10×10^-6 and 22.19×10^-2, respectively. Among different types of water samples, the DBP carcinogenic risk of liquid chlorine disinfection method was higher than that of chlorine dioxide disinfection method, the peripheral water was higher than the factory water, and the wet season was higher than the dry season. Conclusion DBP in drinking water in a certain district of Chongqing is basically controlled within the safe limit, but it is still necessary to strengthen the monitoring of trichloromethane and dichlorobromomethane indicators to ensure drinking water safety.

Objective To observe the genetic stability of enterovirus A71 (EV-A71) and its resistance to wet environments, dry environments and different temperatures, and to compare with those of poliovirus type 1 (PV-1) Sabin strain. Methods EV-A71 samples were collected from the 1^st, 10^th and 20^th generation cultures. The TCID₅₀ were determined. The genetic stability was determinated by whole genome sequencing. The resistance of EV-A71 and PV-1 Sabin strain to different environmental factors were observed by using the quantitative suspension test and the carrier-based quantitative test. Results The titers of the 1^st, 10^th and 20^th generation cultures of EV-A71 remained stable and the sequencing results of showed no significant difference(P>0.05). The resistance of enterovirus A71 and PV-1 Sabin strain to environmental factors had no significant difference(P>0.05). Conclusion Enterovirus A71 has good stability in gene sequence and viral titer and its resistance to environmental factors is comparable to that of PV-1 Sabin strain.

Objective To observe the microbial inactivation effects of a LED ultraviolet (UV) irradiation device on different types of object surfaces, which device primarily emitting at a wavelength of 270 nm, so as to provide a reference for accurate disinfection. Methods Using a carrier quantitative bactericidal test method, the LED UV device irradiated at an intensity of 250 μΩ/cm on surfaces contaminated with Staphylococcus aureus, Escherichia coli, and human coronavirus (HCoV-229E). The bactericidal effects on various carriers were observed. Results After 32 s and 80 s of irradiation, corresponding to total doses of 8 mJ/cm² and 20 mJ/cm² respectively，the inactivation rates of bacteria and human coronavirus on contaminated surfaces, including fabric, glass slides, stainless steel sheets, plastic sheets, and wood chips exceeded 99.0%. Notably, the microbial inactivation efficacy of the LED UV device varied across different materials, with microorganisms on stainless steel and plastic surfaces showing significantly higher susceptibility to inactivation than those on other materials. Conclusion The LED UV irradiation device utilized in this study is capable of rapidly and effectively inactivating microorganisms on various object surfaces.

目的 了解温州医院血管导管相关血流感染情况和感染防控。 方法 对2020—2021年血管导管置管患者进行监测，研究感染病例的临床特征、病原菌分布和药敏试验结果，分析感染防控效果。 结果 2年共发生44例血管导管相关血流感染病例，千日感染率为0.17‰。临床特征中的基础疾病、监护室住院史、置管次数、导管留置时间是引起患者感染的重要影响因素。感染病例分离出病原菌67株，革兰阴性菌主要为肺炎克雷伯菌（44.78%），对亚胺培南耐药率为36.40%；革兰阳性菌主要为金黄色葡萄球菌（32.84%），对万古霉素耐药率为0%；真菌主要为白念珠菌（22.39%），对氟康唑耐药率为0%。 结论 血管导管相关血流感染的影响因素包括基础疾病≥2种，置管天数≥10 d，置管次数≥2次，监护室住院史。应早期评估感染高风险置管患者，执行分层级的感染防控全流程管理，降低感染率。掌握细菌耐药情况，合理选择抗菌药物实行精准抗感染治疗。

Objective To observe the applicability and influencing factors of the contact dish method in detecting microorganisms on the surface of environmental objects. Methods Bacterial quantitation detection was used to observe the application effect of contact dish method in detecting microorganisms on the surface of environmental objects. Results The average recovery rate of bacterial count on the surface of 6 flat material carriers using the contact dish method was 83.96%, which was higher than the recovery rate (76.48%) of surface bacteria using the cotton swab wiping method. T (P>0.05). When the bacterial count on the surface of object was >100 cfu/25 cm², the cotton swab wiping method was more optimal. Conclusion When the bacterial count on the surface of object is <100 cfu/25 cm², the contact dish method is superior to the cotton swab wiping method; while the bacterial count on the surface of object is >100 cfu/25 cm², the cotton swab wiping method is more optimal.

Objective To investigate the effects of thermal washing disinfection and cold washing combined with chlorine-based disinfectants on the performance of novel textile packaging materials. Methods Sixty pieces of textile with sewn RFID chips were randomly divided into two groups, with 30 pieces in each group. The thermal washing group water temperature were 80 ℃ . The cold washing group water temperature were 40 ℃，with 500 mg/L of chlorine disinfectant to disinfect. The hydrostatic pressure resistance, damage rate, sterilization qualification rate, and wet pack were measured. Results After 20 washes, the hydrostatic pressure resistance of thermal washing group was significantly higher than that of the the cold washing group (P<0.05). The average values of hydrostatic pressure resistance were (22.0±1.56) and(16.1±0.62) cmH₂O. The sterilization qualification rates for both groups were 100%, and no instances of wet pack were observed. The thermal washing group exhibited no damage after 30 rounds of washing, with a damage rate of 6.7% after 40 rounds of washing. In the cold washing group, there was no damage after 10 rounds of washing, with a damage rate of 6.7% after 20 rounds of washing. Conclusion The thermal washing disinfection method has a minimal impact on the waterproof performance and damage rate of the novel textile materials. The appropriate cleaning method should be selected based on the requirements of packaging materials.

Objective To investigate the in vitro antimicrobial activity of antimicrobial peptide RP557 and its mechanism, and to evaluate its safety. Methods The minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) of RP557 against various clinical isolates was determined using the microdilution broth method. The bactericidal mechanism of RP557 against Gram-negative bacteria was analyzed through time-kill assays, biofilm inhibition, outer and inner membrane disruption, and ion leakage detection. The safety of RP557 at the animal level was assessed through histopathological examination and hepatic and renal function tests. Results MIC values of RP557 were≤32 µg/mL against multidrug-resistant and hypervirulent Gram-negative and Gram-positive clinical isolates. Biofilm formation could be completely inhibited at 1×MIC. Treatment with 2×MIC induced a 1.5-fold increase in outer membrane disruption, 10-fold increase in inner membrane damage, and significant Na⁺/K⁺ leakage. No significant differences in hepatic/renal function indices or lung histopathology scores were observed in mice after 400 µg/mL aerosol exposure compared to controls. Conclusion RP557 induces bacterial death through a dual-membrane disruption mechanism. At certain exposure doses, it shows no toxic side effects, highlighting its potential as a novel bactericidal agent.

Objective To explore the application value of sterilization parameter detection in the maintenance of pulsating vacuum pressure steam sterilizer. Methods The sterilization parameters were detected by the indicators and the temperature and pressure detector, and the indication function of these parameters in maintenance of the pulsating vacuum pressure steam sterilizer was observed and analyzed. Results Only one of the five pulsating vacuum pressure steam sterilizers passed the test, and four failed, including excessive balance time, maintenance time and temperature uniformity, as well as PCD and B-D test results. The balance time of one sterilizer was too long (147 s), the maintenance time was too short (65 s), and the monitoring results of type 6 PCD and B-D pack were unqualified. After several maintenance, the sterilization parameters were not up to standard. However, after the replacement of the inlet and exhaust solenoid valves, the sterilization parameters were significantly improved, the balance time was shortened (49 s), the maintenance time was extended (207 s), and the monitoring results of PCD and B-D packages were qualified. Conclusion The sterilization parameters can effectively determine the fault maintenance of the sterilizer, and can be used as the basis for judging the maintenance effect.

Objective To study the effect and influencing factors of LED ultraviolet light on the disinfection of low-temperature surfaces of different materials, and to provide reference data for the application of LED ultraviolet disinfection technology in low-temperature environment. Methods Under the condition of -18℃, different types of infection carriers were irradiated with LED ultraviolet light, with Staphylococcus aureus as the indicator microorganism, cloth sheets, corrugated paper sheets, stainless steel sheets, glass sheets, filter paper sheets, plastic sheets, etc. as the infection carriers, and the disinfection effect was evaluated based on the quantitative bacteriacidal test of the carriers, and the effects of different organic interferences and other factors on the disinfection effect were detected. Results Under the conditions of this study, the disinfection efficacy of LED ultraviolet light on low-temperature object surfaces of different materials, ranked from strongest to weakest, was as follows: glass slides > stainless steel sheets > fabric pieces > filter paper > plastic sheets > corrugated paper. The impact of different organic interfering substances on the disinfection efficacy of LED ultraviolet light, ranked from the greatest to the least, was as follows: TSB > 3.0% BSA > 0.3% BSA > no interfering substances. Prolonging irradiation time could effectively enhance the disinfection pass rate of filter paper and plastic sheets. Conclusion The disinfection effect of LED ultraviolet light on the surface of low-temperature objects is affected by various factors such as surface material, contamination level, and irradiation duration, etc.

Objective To study the design and application of medical electric drill sealed fully automatic cleaning sterilization machine. Methods By designing and manufacturing medical electric drill cleaning sterilization machine, 120 pieces of medical electric drill clips to be cleaned were randomly divided into 2 groups, using the cleaning machine cleaning (test group) and traditional manual cleaning method cleaning (control group), respectively. The cleaning effect of the instrument cleaning was tested using optical method, ATP biofluorescence detection method and sublimation test method, comparing the cleaning pass rate, cleaning time and staff satisfaction of the 2 groups. Results The cleaning sterilization machine designed in this study consisted of the main machine, mounting rack, operating table and cleaning unit. The difference between the cleaning of the test group and the control group was not statistically significant (96.67% vs 95.00%; P>0.05). The cleaning pass rate of the ATP biofluorescence test group was higher than that of the control group (96.67% vs 81.67%; χ²=6.988, P<0.05). The cleaning pass rate of the sublimation test group was higher than that of the control group (91.67% vs 78.33%; χ²=4.183, P<0.05). The average cleaning time of the test group was shorter than that of the control group (10.93 min vs 17.87 min; t=-94.840, P<0.05). Staff satisfaction with the test group's cleaning quality, cleaning efficiency, convenient operation, time-saving and labor-saving four aspects were higher than the control group (P<0.05). Conclusion The enclosed fully automatic medical drill chuck cleaning and disinfection machine designed in this study is easy for operation, time-saving and labor-saving, which improves the cleaning quality and efficiency of medical drill chucks.

ObjectiveTo investigate the teratogenic toxicity of a new quaternary ammonium salt disinfectant on animals and provide a basis for its safety in use. Methods Animal experiments were conducted to observe the teratogenic toxicity of a new quaternary ammonium salt disinfectant. Results During the experimental period, no maternal toxicity was observed in the different dose groups of the new quaternary ammonium salt disinfectant. There was no statistically significant difference in the effects of the test substance on the formation of rat embryos, the appearance and bones of fetuses, and visceral development of fetuses compared to the negative control group (P>0.05). The weight of fetal rats in the medium-dose group [150 mg/（kg·bw）] and the weight and tail length of fetal rats in the high-dose group [500 mg/ （kg·bw）] of the new quaternary ammonium salt disinfectant were more than those in the negative control group, but there was no actual biological significance. Conclusion Under the conditions of this experiment, no observed adverse effect level is observed in the teratogenic test of the quaternary ammonium salt disinfectant, and the teratogenic index is equal to 10, indicating that it is basically non teratogenic.