Objective To study the disinfection effectiveness and safety of 222 nm ultraviolet, and to provide scientific basis for its practical application. Methods The quantitative virus inactivation test, carrier quantitative germicidal test, cell safety of layered cell slices and disposable skin irritation test were used to evaluate the virucidal effect, germicidal effect and safety of 222 nm ultraviolet source. Results Under the condition of radiation dose of 15 mJ/cm², the killing rate of 222 nm ultraviolet on Escherichia coli and Staphylococcus aureus on carriers was 99.52% and 99.97%, respectively, when the organic interfering substance was 0.3% BSA; and the killing rates of the above two types of bacteria were 85.05% and 99.49% respectively, when the organic interfering substance was 3% BSA. When the radiation dose was 30 mJ/cm², the inactivation rate of 222 nm ultraviolet on H1N1 influenza A virus, enterovirus 71 and poliovirusⅠvaccine strains on the carriers was up to 99.9%. When irradiated with the same dose in the layered cell model, the survival rate of the upper and lower cells was about 70% and 80%, respectively. At a radiation dose of 479 mJ/cm², no obvious irritation was observed when rabbits skin were irradiated with 222 nm ultraviolet for 48 h. Conclusion The 222 nm ultraviolet had good killing effect on bacterial propagules and viruses, and its penetration into the deep cells was limited without obvious skin irritation.

Objective To observe the corrosiveness of commonly used disinfectants on metal surfaces, so as to provide a reference for their standardized use. Methods The corrosion testing method was used to observe the corrosiveness of alcohols, chlorine-containing disinfectants, hydrogen peroxide and quaternary ammonium salts on carbon steel, aluminum, copper, stainless steel and zinc. Results Alcohol disinfectants had no corrosion on stainless steel and copper, but had slight corrosion on zinc. Chlorine-containing disinfectant containing 1 000 mg/L effective chlorine had no corrosion on stainless steel, and had moderate corrosion on copper, aluminum and carbon steel. 60 g/L hydrogen peroxide disinfectant had no corrosion on stainless steel and carbon steel, moderate corrosion on zinc sheet and mild corrosion on aluminum. 1 000 mg/L quaternary ammonium salt disinfectants had no corrosion on stainless steel and copper, and light and moderate corrosion on carbon steel. Conclusion Except stainless steel, the four commonly used disinfectants have different degrees of corrosion on other four metals, among which alcohol and quaternary ammonium salt disinfectants are less corrosive.

Objective To establish the quantitative test method for residual hydrogen peroxide on the surface of objects after vaporized hydrogen peroxide disinfection, so as to guide the safe treatment after disinfection. Methods The concentration of residual hydrogen peroxide on the surface of objects in the environment after vaporization hydrogen peroxide disinfection was determined by on-site sampling and ultraviolet spectrophotometry. Results The lowest detection levels were 1.051 3 μg, 1.062 4 μg and 0.078 4 μg for wipe-type, dip-type and fill-type consumables respectively, with the recoveries ranging from 85% to 120% and precision less than 15%. After normal sterilization in the isolator, inside the breathing bag, hydrogen peroxide residues were measured on vials, ordinary rubber stoppers and compartments of the sample package. Fluorine-coated stoppers were less likely to absorb hydrogen peroxide residues than ordinary stoppers. Conclusion The method is able to quantify hydrogen peroxide residues on sterilized consumables and countertops in isolators.

Objective To study the influencing factors of intracranial infection in patients after neuronavigation-assisted puncture drainage for intracerebral hemorrhage, and to provide the prevention and control of postoperative infection. Methods The clinical data and laboratory etiological examination data of patients with intracranial infection after neuronavigation-assisted puncture drainage for spontaneous intracerebral hemorrhage in a hospital were investigated retrospectively. Univariate and multivariate logistic regression analysis were used to analyze the influencing factors of intracranial infection. Results A total of 145 patients undergoing hematoma puncture and drainage were enrolled in this study. Postoperatively, intracranial infection occurred in 36 cases, with an infection rate of 24.8%. Among these infected patients, 5 strains of pathogenic bacteria were identified in cerebrospinal fluid, including 4 Gram-positive strains and 1 Gram-negative strain. Multivariate analysis indicated that preoperative GCS score≤8, no preoperative administration of antibiotics, and drainage tube indwelling time≥3 d were independent risk factors for intracranial infection following neuronavigation-assisted hematoma puncture and drainage. Conclusion The incidence of intracranial infection in patients undergoing intracerebral hematoma drainage in this hospital is relatively high. Patients with preoperative coma, no antibiotics, and drainage tube indwelling time ≥3 d are at high risk for intracranial infections, and the perioperative management of such patients should be strengthened.

消毒供应中心（CSSD）的器械清洗是保障医疗安全的关键环节。本文综述了影响 CSSD 器械清洗质量的主要因素，涵盖人为因素、器械因素、环节因素和管理因素，并从实践层面、培训层面和管理层面进一步探讨了提升清洗质量的干预策略，但复杂器械的清洗、新技术的普及应用以及确保各项标准和指南的严格执行仍面临挑战，未来研究需聚焦于新型复杂器械的清洗方案、干预措施的成本效益分析以及促进指南有效转化和持续改进的策略，以期不断提升 CSSD 器械清洗质量，最大限度地降低医院相关感染风险，保障患者安全。

本文简介了生物指示剂作为灭菌质量关键评估工具的发展历程，在芽孢生物特性的基础上阐述了生物指示剂的原理及技术发展历程，重点总结了微流控在生物快速指示剂研发中的潜在应用，并对其应用前景进行展望。本文旨在为医疗机构消毒供应中心及相关灭菌质量监测部门提供生物指示剂的系统性认知框架，并为灭菌质量控制的优化决策提供理论支撑与科学依据。

目的 探讨基于消毒供应质量控制指标的管腔器械清洗消毒流程优化。方法 采取多科联动、规范管腔器械预处理、研发多功能清洗消毒装置等措施，优化管腔器械清洗消毒流程。分别采用记录时间、ATP生物荧光法和满意度调查方法，收集分析流程优化前后消毒供应中心的管腔类手术器械清洗质量控制指标。结果 优化流程后，管腔类手术器械清洗合格率从87.30%提升至99.58%；清洗消毒时间从（74.40±1.385）min缩短至（68.29±1.458）min；消毒供应中心人员满意率从42.86%提高到96.43%。结论 优化基于消毒供应质量控制指标的管腔器械清洗流程，有助于提高管腔器械的清洗消毒效率和满意度。

Objective To investigate the in vitro antimicrobial activity of antimicrobial peptide RP557 and its mechanism, and to evaluate its safety. Methods The minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) of RP557 against various clinical isolates was determined using the microdilution broth method. The bactericidal mechanism of RP557 against Gram-negative bacteria was analyzed through time-kill assays, biofilm inhibition, outer and inner membrane disruption, and ion leakage detection. The safety of RP557 at the animal level was assessed through histopathological examination and hepatic and renal function tests. Results MIC values of RP557 were≤32 µg/mL against multidrug-resistant and hypervirulent Gram-negative and Gram-positive clinical isolates. Biofilm formation could be completely inhibited at 1×MIC. Treatment with 2×MIC induced a 1.5-fold increase in outer membrane disruption, 10-fold increase in inner membrane damage, and significant Na⁺/K⁺ leakage. No significant differences in hepatic/renal function indices or lung histopathology scores were observed in mice after 400 µg/mL aerosol exposure compared to controls. Conclusion RP557 induces bacterial death through a dual-membrane disruption mechanism. At certain exposure doses, it shows no toxic side effects, highlighting its potential as a novel bactericidal agent.

Objective To evaluate the dynamic disinfection efficacy of a 222 nm ultraviolet (UV) sterilizer on high-frequency contact surfaces and airborne bacteria in a respiratory intensive care unit (RICU). Methods Seven isolated rooms within the RICU of a tertiary hospital in Zhejiang, China, were selected. Rooms were assigned to either a control group (Room 2, 4, 6) receiving routine cleaning and ventilation, or an intervention group (Room 1, 3, 5, 7) receiving additional disinfection using a 222 nm UV sterilizer. Environmental samples were collected continuously for 3 days, with air and surface samples taken every 2 hours from 8:00 to 16:00 daily, totaling 1 050 samples. Bacterial colony counts and detection rates of Acinetobacter baumannii (AB) and Klebsiella pneumoniae (KP) were measured. Results The intervention group showed significantly lower mean colony counts on both surfaces and in air samples compared to the control group (P<0.05). Surface bacterial load was reduced from (161.63±464.17) cfu/cm² to (54.64±220.59) cfu/cm², while airborne bacterial load decreased from (215.14±303.88) cfu/m² to (150.65±106.52) cfu/m². The detection rates of AB and KP also decreased significantly in both surface and air samples. Conclusion The 222 nm ultraviolet sterilizer demonstrates significant disinfecting efficacy in the RICU environment. It effectively reduces microbial contamination on surfaces and in the air. Notably, it exhibits more stable and sustained efficacy for air disinfection. This device serves as a robust supplementary measure to routine disinfection protocols.

Objective To evaluate the disinfection effect and mobility performance of an intelligent disinfection robot equipped with krypton chloride excimer photoelectric technology. Methods Laboratory disinfection tests and field applications were conducted to measure the ultraviolet irradiance of the equipment and its disinfection effect on Staphylococcus aureus contaminated stainless steel carriers. Mobility performance was assessed in a large sports venue. Results The intelligent disinfection robot consists of an excimer disinfection unit (rated power 100 W and 65 W, emitting 222 nm ultraviolet) and an autonomous robotic platform. Laboratory tests demonstrated a 99.99% average elimination rate of S. aureus on vertically placed stainless steel carriers (100 cm distance) after 10 min of irradiation. In field applications, the robot utilized LIDAR and navigation modules to achieve autonomous operation, patrolling, and obstacle avoidance. For areas≤10 m², it automatically activated disinfection mode (30 min cycle) or standby based on human presence detection. For areas >10 m², it performed autonomous path planning, multi-point disinfection, and auto-return functions at 0.1 m/s velocity, completing 60 m² venue disinfection in approximately 25 min. Conclusion The intelligent disinfection robot exhibited excellent disinfection capability by using 222 nm ultraviolet radiation and demonstrated reliable autonomous navigation with static/dynamic obstacle recognition and avoidance capacities.

Objective To explore the application value of sterilization parameter detection in the maintenance of pulsating vacuum pressure steam sterilizer. Methods The sterilization parameters were detected by the indicators and the temperature and pressure detector, and the indication function of these parameters in maintenance of the pulsating vacuum pressure steam sterilizer was observed and analyzed. Results Only one of the five pulsating vacuum pressure steam sterilizers passed the test, and four failed, including excessive balance time, maintenance time and temperature uniformity, as well as PCD and B-D test results. The balance time of one sterilizer was too long (147 s), the maintenance time was too short (65 s), and the monitoring results of type 6 PCD and B-D pack were unqualified. After several maintenance, the sterilization parameters were not up to standard. However, after the replacement of the inlet and exhaust solenoid valves, the sterilization parameters were significantly improved, the balance time was shortened (49 s), the maintenance time was extended (207 s), and the monitoring results of PCD and B-D packages were qualified. Conclusion The sterilization parameters can effectively determine the fault maintenance of the sterilizer, and can be used as the basis for judging the maintenance effect.

Objective To analyze the awareness and risk factors of infectious occupational exposure among medical staffs. Methods 186 medical staff who were employed in our hospital from July 2023 to June 2024 were selected and divided into an exposed group (n=79) and an unexposed group (n=107) based on the occurrence of occupational exposure. The cognitive level and risk factors of occupational exposure among medical staff were investigated, and their correlation was analyzed. Results The incidence of infectious occupational exposure among medical staff in our hospital was 42.47%, and there was a statistically significant difference (P<0.05) in education level, operating procedures, length of service, self-protection, compliance with protective measures, and Occupational Exposure Risk Perception Scale scores between the exposed and unexposed groups; Spearman correlation analysis showed that the scores of various dimensions of the Occupational Exposure Risk Perception Scale were negatively correlated with infectious occupational exposure (P<0.05); Multivariate logistic regression analysis showed that short length of service, low awareness of self-protection, and low scores of Occupational Exposure Risk Perception Scale were independent risk factors for infectious occupational exposure among medical staff (P<0.05). Conclusion The incidence of infectious occupational exposure among medical staff is relatively high, and its occurrence is closely related to awareness, length of service, and self-protection.

近年来，通过空气传播的各类新发传染病频繁发生，使得空气消毒技术也备受关注；空气消毒技术是利用不同方法对空气中的微生物、病毒和有害气体进行消毒和净化的技术。随着空气消毒技术的迅速发展，紫外线消毒技术由于其高效、安全的特点，成为当前研究和应用的热点，此外，等离子体消毒技术凭借其广谱杀菌能力和持续消毒效果，也逐渐受到关注；与此同时，传统的化学消毒方法在特定环境下仍具有一定的应用价值。本文以空气消毒技术为主题，介绍了各种技术的基本原理，并梳理了其研究脉络，详细叙述了空气消毒技术的研究现状和进展，分析讨论了应用场景和实用性前景，探讨空气消毒技术的发展趋势。

留置导尿是目前临床无法取代的一种膀胱排空方式，被广泛应用于尿潴留、排尿困难、病情监测等，但是极易出现导尿管相关性尿路感染（CAUTI）、尿道损伤、导管堵塞等并发症。研究可持续预防尿路感染的抗菌导尿管至关重要，本文主要对国内外不同抗菌涂层导尿管的类型、应用及效果进行综述，为新型抗菌导尿管产品的研发与性能改进提供参考，以期有效解决临床留置导尿的感染难题。

Objective To observe the inactivation effect of commonly used chemical disinfectants on enterovirus 71 (EV-71), and provide reference for practical disinfection applications. Methods The virus inactivation test method was used to observe the effect of commonly used chemical disinfectants on inactivating EV-71. Results After being treated with 5 000 mg/L polyhexamethylene biguanide and 2 000 mg/L polyhexamethylguanidine hydrochloride for 10 min, the inactivation logarithmic values of EV-71 in suspension were 3.55 and 3.61, respectively. When treated with a chlorine-containing disinfectant with an available chlorine concentration of 200 mg/L for 1 min, EV-71 in suspension could be inactivated completely. When treated with 1 000 mg/L peracetic acid for 5 min and 10 g/L hydrogen peroxide for 10 min, the inactivation logarithmic values of EV-71 were all >4.0. Two kinds of quaternary ammonium salt disinfectants could not effectively inactivate EV-71 at the experimental concentrations. Conclusion Both chlorine-containing disinfectants and peroxide disinfectants can effectively inactivate EV-71, while guanidine disinfectants and quaternary ammonium salt disinfectants have poor inactivation effects on the virus under experimental conditions.

Objective To study the disinfection efficacy of 9 chemical disinfectants on bacteria isolated from clean areas and to provide a reference for effective disinfection in clean areas. Methods The suspension quantitative bactericidal test was adopted. Three concentrations of high, medium and low were selected to observe the bactericidal effects of nine common disinfectants on six types of bacterial vegetative cells such as Staphylococcus epidermidis and three types of bacterial spores such as Bacillus cereus spores. Results Effective disinfection of six types of bacterial vegetative cells was achieved by treating with 500 mg/L didecyldimethylammonium chloride or 600 mg/L sodium hypochlorite for 2 min. Effective disinfection of Bacillus cereus spores was achieved by treating with a combination of 55 g/L hydrogen peroxide and 800 mg/L peracetic acid and 5 g/L didecyldimethylammonium chloride acting for 30 min. Effective disinfection of Bacillus subtilis spores was achieved by using a complex of 1 500 mg/L benzalkonium chloride and 150 mg/L polyhexamethylene biguanide hydrochloride for 3 min. Effective disinfection of Bacillus licheniformis spores was achieved by treating with 2 g/L benzalkonium bromide for 2 min. Conclusion The nine types of chemical disinfectants can effectively kill the selected experimental microorganisms, and the concentration and duration of action are verified to ensure the expected disinfection effect.

Objective To investigate dental unit waterline (DUWL) contamination in oral healthcare institutions of Yangzhou City, and to observe the intervention effects of disinfection methods. Methods Water samples of DUWL dental hand pieces, air/water syringes, mouth rinse units, and scaler outlets from 16 institutions were collected, and tested for bacterial contamination. Field disinfection experiments were conducted to observe the bacterial control effect of 25 and 50 mg/L chlorine dioxide disinfectant alone and in combination with multi-enzyme detergent on DUWL. Results A total of 175 dental water samples were collected, with an average total qualified rate of 54.29%. The qualified rate of different types of water samples varied significantly ( $\chi$²=10.968, P=0.027), which the highest qualified rate was washing water (80.00%) and the lowest was dental cleaning water (37.93%). The qualified rate of stomatology department in medical institutions was higher than that of private dental clinics ($\chi$²=6.642, P=0.010). On Day 1 after disinfection, qualified rates increased across all groups (P<0.05), though bacterial counts showed no significant intergroup differences (P>0.05). On Day 3, the qualified rates declined markedly, yet 50 mg/L chlorine dioxide combined with multi-enzyme detergent maintained efficacy in handpiece and syringe water (lower bacterial counts). For rinse/mouthwash units, all four methods showed comparable efficacy within one week (P>0.05). Conclusion The dental water exhibits moderate contamination in Yangzhou City, and the combination of chlorine dioxide and multi-enzyme detergent has a certain control effect on DUWL contamination.

耳念珠菌是一种新型真菌病原菌，可引起严重的感染，死亡率高。耳念珠菌环境抵抗力强，可在患者皮肤和环境中长期定植，不易鉴别且具有多药耐药的特点，易造成医院感染暴发，因此对耳念珠菌的感染控制至关重要。本文综述了国内外针对耳念珠菌的感染控制方法、消毒措施和常用消毒剂，为完善耳念珠菌医院感染控制措施以及制订相关消毒标准提供参考。

Objective To identify the risks of nosocomial infection in the newly built hemodialysis centers of the healthcare consortium by applying the Failure Mode and Effects Analysis (FMEA) method, and to explore the effect of prevention, control, and mastery of the risk points. Methods FMEA was used to identify the risks of nosocomial infection in dialysis centers, and 38 potential risk points in 6 categories were quantitatively analyzed. The key risk points with the value of risk priority index (RPN) were identified, and improvement interventions were formulated and implemented, then the effect of the interventions were evaluated. Results The FMEA method was applied to find 10 risk points in 4 nosocomial infection risk categories, namely, unreasonable building layout and insufficient facilities, inadequate disinfection and maintenance of new equipments, non-compliance of personnel training and management, and incorrect sampling of surveillance specimens, with RPN values >125. After implementing the intervention measures, including adjusting the bed spacing in the isolation treatment area for infectious diseases, changing the location of the medical waste disposal room, standardizing the sampling process, and strengthening training, the RPN values of the 10 risk points were all <125. Conclusion FMEA helps to timely identify the risks of hospital-acquired infections in the newly built hemodialysis centers of the medical consortium. These risks are controlled after intervention.

目的 探讨PDCA循环在血液净化室医院感染管理中的应用效果。方法 便利选取温州市中医院血液净化室2020年10月—2021年3月患者54例，医务人员31人作为对照组，2021年5月—2021年10月患者58例，医务人员31人作为观察组。对照组采用常规医院感染管理方法，观察组采用PDCA循环管理方法，比较2组血管通路感染发生率、医院感染环境监测相关指标以及医务人员手卫生依从性。结果 观察组半永久置管感染率、血管通路感染发生率、空气细菌培养水平、物品表面细菌培养水平低于对照组，差异有统计学意义（P<0.05）。观察组医务人员手卫生依从性高于对照组，差异有统计学意义（P<0.05）。结论 PDCA循环管理方法可以降低血液净化室血管通路感染发生率，尤其是半永久导管感染率；通过降低空气细菌培养水平与物品表面细菌培养水平，提高医务人员手卫生依从性改善了血透室医院感染管理重点环节，值得推广。

随着临床诊疗技术的不断更新，临床科室使用的医疗器械种类多种多样。各类待灭菌物品的材质、性能对于灭菌技术有不同要求。根据适应性的不同，以温度为基础的灭菌技术分为低温和高温2大类。在实际应用中，如何保障灭菌质量是重中之重。生物监测是灭菌保障和风险控制的金标准，其关键评价指标是生物指示物的抗力，生物监测出现的阳性结果不能全部归为灭菌失败。目前灭菌操作规范中对于生物监测阳性原因分析及对策还未形成统一的标准。本文以万方医学网、中国知网、Pubmed、Science Direct、DOAJ等国内外数据库检索生物监测阳性案例，旨在探讨消毒供应中心高、低温灭菌生物监测阳性原因和相应对策，以期为灭菌质量的科学监测和质量循证提供参考。

目的 了解消毒供应中心医用清洗刷在管腔类器械中的使用与管理现状，提出改进意见。方法 采用面对面、半结构式访谈法，对上海市20家医院60名消毒供应中心工作人员进行深入访谈，调查医用清洗刷在管腔器械手工清洗时使用的规格数量、刷洗方式、刷洗次数、使用后的清洗和消毒方式、存放方式、更换标准及满意度情况，采用Colaizzi现象学分析法对访谈资料进行分析。结果 提炼出3个核心主题：（1）医用清洗刷在管腔器械手工清洗中的使用及处置方法不一。使用1种规格清洗刷的人数占比最低（8.33%），使用3种规格清洗刷的人数占比最高（56.67%）；90.00%的人员采用贯通法辅以水枪冲洗；80.00%的人员刷洗次数不固定。（2）医用清洗刷使用重要性的认知较低。41.67%的工作人员认为正确使用清洗刷不重要，38.33%的人员认为比较重要，20.00%的人员认为重要。（3）使用者对目前使用的医用清洗刷满意率不高，为35.00%~58.33%。结论 医用清洗刷作为可复用的重要清洗工具，在实际应用中差异较大，应制订其使用和处置相关规范，加强清洗刷使用培训和考核，改进清洗刷质量和功能。

Objective To evaluate the disinfection effect and safety performance of a composite air disinfection machine integrating ultraviolet (UV) irradiation, photocatalytic technology, and medium-high efficiency filtration in enclosed confined spaces. Methods The device was assessed for UV irradiance, leakage levels of UV and ozone, and airflow rate. Simulated field air disinfection tests and actual elevator air disinfection trials were conducted to validate its effect against Staphylococcus albus aerosols and natural airborne bacteria. Results The air disinfector demonstrated an airflow rate of 247 m³/h, UV irradiance of 35 μW/cm² with zero UV leakage, and an average ozone concentration of 0.05 mg/m³ after a 60 min operation. In the 20 m³ test chamber, >99.9% elimination of S. albus was achieved within 60 min. In 8 m³ elevator, >90.0% reduction of natural bacteria was observed after a 20 min operation. Conclusion The composite air sterilizer exhibits robust disinfection effect with minimal environmental hazards, making it suitable for enclosed confined space applications.

目的 探讨视觉追溯工作站在消毒供应中心的应用及效果。方法 分别选取视觉追溯工作站运用前后的各500件医疗器械分为对照组和观察组，分别观察2组医疗器械的交接时间、丢失率、错误率。并通过随机工号选取50名医务人员作为使用视觉追溯工作站前后满意度调查对象，调查其对医疗器械流程、使用效率和科内管理的满意度。结果 在器械管理效果方面，观察组各环节交接时间降低到15 min；在临床使用满意度方面，观察组使用效率满意度提高到96%，科内管理满意度提高到90%；差异有统计学意义（P<0.05）。结论 视觉追溯工作站在消毒供应中心的运用可以降低器械交接时间、丢失率和错误率，也可以提高临床一线医务工作者使用的满意度。

Objective To investigate the physicochemical properties of a novel compound potassium monopersulfate disinfectant and to provide references for its disinfection applications. Methods Physicochemical testing techniques were used to investigate and observe the relevant physicochemical properties of this novel disinfectant containing potassium monopersulfate compound salt, including the effective component content, pH, and metal corrosivity. Results The novel compound potassium monopersulfate disinfectant was a white powder with an active oxygen content of 2.87%. After preparing a disinfectant solution with a concentration of 1 000 mg/L and leaving it for 1 h, the active oxygen content reached a peak of 49.7 mg/L; within 3 days, the active oxygen content could be maintained at over 90% of the initial concentration. The pH range of the disinfectant solution with a concentration of 1 000-6 000 mg/L was 2.43-3.00. 3 types of disinfectants showed moderate corrosion to aluminum, carbon steel, and copper wafers, but had essentially no corrosion to stainless steel wafers. Conclusion The compound potassium monopersulfate disinfectant shows stable physicochemical properties. The decrease in effective components in the solution is related to its preparation concentration and storage time, and it exhibits corrosivity to metals.

Objective To evaluate the disinfection efficacy of plasma air disinfection machines in the dynamic hospital environment and to analyze the correlation between airborne colony counts and bioaerosol concentration along with influencing factors. Methods The natural sedimentation method and aerosol monitors were employed to measure airborne bacterial colony counts and aerosol concentrations in two groups of hospital wards—one equipped with plasma air disinfection devices and the other without. A multivariate linear regression analysis and correlation analysis were conducted to examine the relationship between airborne bacterial colony counts and aerosol concentrations in the experimental and control groups. Results After disinfection, the airborne colony count in the test group (2.66 ± 0.74) cfu/(plate · 5 min) was significantly lower than that in the control group (4.74 ± 2.59) cfu/(plate · 5 min) (P< 0.05). Correlation analysis revealed a positive correlation between airborne colony counts and the total bioaerosol concentration (r= 0.170, P< 0.05), with a significant association specifically with particles≥2.5 µm in diameter (P< 0.001). Factors such as window ventilation, use of other respiratory medical devices, total number of people in the ward, and toilet usage showed statistically significant effects on airborne colony counts (P< 0.05). Room temperature, mask-wearing rate in the ward, and toilet usage might influence the concentration of bioaerosols in the air (P< 0.05). Conclusion The application of a plasma air disinfector under dynamic hospital operating conditions demonstrates certain disinfection efficacy. Routine monitoring of aerosol concentration, particularly bioaerosol concentration, is beneficial for assessing the transmission risk of airborne pathogenic microorganisms.

目的 了解医院普通病区及重症监护病区（ICU）不同使用周期的病床隔帘表面病原菌污染状况及种类分布特征，为防控病床隔帘相关医院感染并确定对病床隔帘的消毒频次提供参考。方法 采用现场采样和细菌分离鉴定方法，检测四川省某医院普通病房和ICU病床隔帘的细菌污染情况。结果 共计对326件病床隔帘进行采样，细菌污染平均超标率为23.31%。普通病区隔帘细菌污染超标率为1.85%~25.86%，以心血管病区隔帘细菌污染超标率最高； ICU隔帘细菌超标率为37.50%~62.50%，以神经外科ICU隔帘超标率最高。ICU隔帘使用当天超标率为10.63%；使用1个月和3个月超标率分别为14.89%和29.79%。共检出157株病原菌，凝固酶阴性葡萄球菌、芽孢杆菌和藤黄微球菌构成比分居前3位，分别占59.87%、17.20%和7.01%。结论 该医院ICU病床隔帘的污染率高于普通病区，随使用时间延长病床隔帘污染加重。建议医院每月定时更换病房隔帘。

人工手洗、机械、超声波或化学清洗等作为手术器械、骨科种植体表面、牙齿根管和口腔正畸托槽等多个医疗领域的去污与清洁传统方法，存在费时费力、顽固污渍残留、清洗效果一致性较差、工艺成本高或污染物排放，难以兼顾彻底清洁与维持理想的表面形貌/生物相容性，以及无法触及复杂解剖结构、易发生健康牙体组织损伤或效率不高等诸多问题。近年来，激光清洗作为一种新型清洗技术，通过高能量激光束充分分解和蒸发污染物，具有非接触、无耗材、高精度、安全性和环保性高等优点。本文综述了激光清洗作用原理、医疗领域激光清洗的应用研究，为推动该技术的临床应用提供参考。

随着全球气候变暖加剧，洪涝灾害频繁发生，导致环境破坏、水源污染、居住环境恶化和传染病传播风险增加。卫生消毒是预防洪涝灾害后传染病暴发流行的重要手段，做好预防性消毒很重要。本文从洪涝灾害面临的公共卫生风险、消毒重点环节、消毒具体措施和北京市洪涝灾害卫生消毒措施4个方面进行综合分析，以期为各级疾控部门有效防控洪涝灾害引发的公共卫生风险提供参考。

Objective To understand the disinfection quality of public medical institutions at various levels in Ningxia, so as to provide references for infection control in medical institutions. Method According to the GB15982—2012 Hospital Disinfection and Hygiene Standards, on-site sampling and detection of microbial indicators were conducted on 7 items including indoor air, object surfaces, and medical water in 66 medical institutions from 2021 to 2023, and the qualified rate of disinfection quality was analyzed and evaluated. Result A total of 17 656 monitoring samples were collected from public medical institutions at all levels in Ningxia, with a total qualified rate of 97.74%. The annual qualified rate was on the rise ( $\chi$²_trend=9.592, P<0.001). There was a statistically significant difference in the qualified rate of medical institutions at different levels ( $\chi$²=93.221, P<0.001), with the overall qualified rate of first level medical institutions being the lowest (96.45%) and the qualified rate of second level medical institutions being the highest (98.84%). There was a statistically significant difference in the qualified rate of disinfection quality among different monitoring items ( $\chi$²=350.061, P<0.001), with the lowest qualified rate for medical water (90.52%) and the highest qualified rate for disinfectant in use (99.74%). The qualified rate of ultraviolet lamps and medical water increased year by year in the past three years ( $\chi$²_trend= 9.863 and 7.170, P<0.05). Conclusion The overall disinfection quality of public medical institutions in Ningxia from 2021 to 2023 is relatively high, with a qualified rate of over 95%. However, the disinfection quality of first level medical institutions still needs to be improved. Endoscopes and medical water are weak links in disinfection work, and special monitoring should be further carried out.

目的 了解改进清洗流程对髓腔软钻清洗效果的作用，以及管道镜检测法作为清洗效果评价方法的适用性。方法 以消毒供应中心常规处理的182件髓腔软钻为改进前组，增加清洗前浸泡处理、贯通刷洗和手工干燥等改进措施后处理163件髓腔软钻为改进后组。分别采用目测法、管道镜检测法观察髓腔软钻表面和内腔的清洗质量和锈蚀情况，比较2组无污物残留率和无锈迹残留率。结果 应用管道镜检测法观察，改进后组髓腔软钻内腔污物去除效果和锈蚀情况均优于改进前组（$\chi$²=15.162和8.857，P<0.05）。应用目测法观察，2组表面污物残留率和锈迹残留率均>98.0%，差异无统计学意义（$\chi$²=0.804和0.012，P>0.05）。结论 增加清洗前浸泡处理、贯通刷洗和手工干燥等改进措施可提高髓腔软钻内腔的清洗质量并降低锈迹残留；管道镜检测法与目测法相结合能直观反映复杂管腔器械的清洗质量。

Objective To investigate the status of disinfection and infection prevention and control management in funeral places, as well as the microbial contamination status, and to analyze the impact of IPC management on microbial contamination in funeral places. Methods By employing a questionnaire survey method, 19 funeral places were randomly selected from six provinces (municipalities) across the country to investigate the status of infection prevention and control as well as disinfection-related work. Simultaneously, on-site sampling and microbial testing were conducted to determine the total bacterial colony counts on surfaces of makeup and cosmetic tools, cremator buttons, and surfaces in contact with cadavers within these facilities. Furthermore, influencing factors of environmental microbial contamination were analyzed. Results The implementation rate of infection control knowledge training was relatively low (31.58%). The implementation rates of management measures in funeral places were relatively high for the following items: having established disinfection related regulations or protocols (68.42%), regularly inspecting the implementation of disinfection (63.16%), and strictly performing object surface disinfection according to the scope specified by the standards (57.89%). A total of 466 surface samples were collected on-site, among which 79.61% had a total bacterial colony count of ≤300 cfu/25 cm². The qualification rates for surface samples in large, medium, and small funeral service facilities were 72.85%, 71.97%, and 92.40%, respectively, with small facilities showing a higher qualification rate ($\chi$²=25.385, P<0.05). Among various types of surface samples, faucets had the lowest qualification rate (48.57%), while cremator buttons had the highest rate (100.00%). The qualification rates for embalming equipment and door handles in makeup rooms were relatively low, at 56.00% and 64.29%, respectively. Conclusion The microbial contamination levels on surfaces of faucets and embalming instruments within funeral homes are relatively serious, and the implementation rate of comprehensive disinfection coverage on object surfaces should be improved.

Objective To evaluate the disinfection effect of two disinfectants on bacteria in the dust accumulated in centralized air-conditioning return air filters, and to explore the effect of air conditioner filter cleaning and disinfection methods on the total number of relevant indoor air bacteria. Methods During the period from 2018 to 2024, the dust accumulated in the return air filters of centralized air-conditioning units in some wards of three tertiary hospitals in Wuhan was sampled, and the total number of bacteria was calculated. Simulated on-site and on-site disinfection tests were conducted on air-conditioning filters using a chlorine disinfectant with an effective chlorine level of 500 mg/L and a complex quaternary ammonium salt disinfectants with a level of 3 000 mg/L, and the disinfection effects were evaluated. Changes in bacterial counts in indoor air before and after direct rinsing of air-conditioning filters with tap water and after disinfection and then rinsing were detected using the plate exposure method and the air sampler method in the dirty washroom of a hospital department. Results The amount of dust accumulated in the air conditioner return air filters was positively correlated with the total number of bacteria, with a correlation coefficient of 0.77. The results of the simulated on-site disinfection test showed that the concentration of chlorine-containing disinfectant and compound quaternary ammonium salt disinfectant failed to disinfect the filter when the concentration decreased to 31.20 mg/L and 1 820.70 mg/L, respectively. The results of on-site disinfection test showed that when the concentration of chlorine-containing disinfectant and compound quaternary ammonium salt disinfectant were lower than 50 mg/L and 2 000 mg/L, respectively, the filter disinfection failed. Both the plate exposure method and the air sampler method showed that the direct use of tap water to rinse the filters significantly increased the total number of airborne bacteria in the room of interest. After disinfecting and then rinsing the filter with tap water, the total number of indoor air bacteria was similar to that before cleaning. Conclusion Chlorine disinfectant (effective chlorine 500 mg/L) and compound quaternary ammonium salt disinfectant (3 000 mg/L) can effectively kill bacteria in the dust of centralized air-conditioning return air filter after 5 minutes disinfection. The use of pre-sanitization followed by cleaning reduces bacterial contamination of the relevant indoor air environment.

目的 分析实施“手消毒液微生物学评价”项目对于提高护理专业学生手卫生依从性的影响，探讨项目驱动教学法的教学效果。方法 设计“手消毒液微生物学评价”实验教学项目，采用问卷调查方法，在该项目教学活动前后，分别调查440名参与项目的学生手卫生依从性和知识了解情况。采用现场隐蔽观察法，调查并比较440名参加过项目与486名未参与项目的学生在微生物实验课程中手卫生执行情况。应用非条件logistic 回归分析法分析手卫生依从性影响因素。结果 与项目实施前比较，项目实施后学生手卫生培训率、知晓率和依从性等知识得分均显著升高（P<0.05）。参加项目学生在实验课程中各手卫生关键时间点的手卫生依从率和正确执行率均高于未参加项目学生（P<0.05）。分析结果显示，学习繁忙、洗手设施不方便、手卫生后皮肤损伤和教师监督不力是手卫生依从性的主要不良影响因素（OR=5.324、2.364、1.697和1.351）。结论 “手消毒液微生物学评价”教学项目有助于护理专业学生培养手卫生意识，但仍需针对性强化薄弱环节。

Objective To understand the trend of changes in the prevalence of nosocomial infections among inpatients and to provide evidence for improving nosocomial infection management and prevention and control levels. Methods A cross-sectional survey method was used to analyze the prevalence of nosocomial infections among inpatients in a hospital from 2011 to 2022. Results A total of 9 249 inpatients were actually surveyed in the hospital, with an actual survey rate of 99.12% and an average prevalence of nosocomial infections of 2.02%. The sites of nosocomial infections were mainly lower respiratory tract infections, accounting for 31.37%. Among the pathogens causing nosocomial infections, Gram-negative bacteria accounted for 58.77%. The antibiotic usage rate among inpatients was 28.05%, with therapeutic antibiotics accounting for 83.85%. The pathogen testing rate was 70.45%, and the pathogen testing rate before antibiotic use showed a trend of increasing year by year. Conclusions The prevalence of nosocomial infections among inpatients in this hospital is within the national control standards. The pathogen testing for antibiotic use and therapeutic antibiotic use is relatively effective, and close attention should be paid to the monitoring and management of drug-resistant bacterial infections.

Objective To understand the current status and disinfection quality of medical aesthetic institutions in Haidian District, Beijing in 2024, and to identify weak links for improvement. Methods On-site supervision, questionnaire survey and sampling inspection were carried out on 40 medical aesthetic institutions in the district, and the disinfection qualified rate of different monitoring projects was analyzed. Results All the units under investigation were not single-family buildings, and 7.5% of them had unreasonable layouts; 25.0% of them had laminar operating rooms. There were 64 disinfection personnel, of which 95.3% were part-time jobs, 28.1% were working for <3 years, and 53.1% were trained in urban and district-level professional knowledge. The disinfection qualified rates of medical aesthetic hospitals, medical aesthetic outpatient department, and medical aesthetic clinics were 94.27%, 97.07% and 94.52%, respectively, with no statistically significant difference ( $\chi$²=3.485, P=0.175). The sterilization and disinfection qualified rate of pressure steam sterilizer had the highest qualified rate (100.00%), the sterilization qualified rate of medical sewage disinfection was the lowest (40.00%), and the qualified rate of other projects was >95%. The qualified rates of Class Ⅱ, Ⅲ and Ⅳ ambient air disinfection were higher than that of ClassⅠenvironments ( $\chi$²=10.830, P<0.05). The qualified rate of disinfection of sewage with chlorine-containing disinfectants was lower than that of using ozone disinfection ( 22.72% vs 61.11%; $\chi$²=6.077, P<0.05). Conclusion The overall disinfection quality of medical aesthetic institutions in Haidian District is satisfactory. However, certain deficiencies persist. It is imperative to enhance professional knowledge training and technical guidance for disinfection personnel of medical aesthetic institutions, as well as reinforce regular oversight and monitoring of environmental air and medical sewage.

Objective To investigate the current status of disinfection quality of elderly care institutions in Qingdao, and to analyze the weak links, so as to provide technical guidance for the prevention and control of infectious diseases in elderly care institutions. Methods According to the Quality Monitoring Plan for Disinfection in Key Places in Qingdao, on-site investigations and sampling tests were conducted on the disinfection quality of 39 elderly care institutions from 2021 to 2023 in Qingdao, and the differences in qualification rates were compared. Results A total of 2 560 samples of different subjects were collected, and 2 287 were qualified, the total qualified rate was 89.34%. The highest qualified rate was 98.22% for tableware surfaces. The lowest qualified rate was 83.63% for staff hands. The qualified rates of disinfectant, indoor air and surface were 96.99%, 96.41% and 87.10%, respectively. The lowest qualified rate of hand hygiene among nursing staff was 75.86%. The qualified rate of monitoring in medical and elderly care institutions was higher than that in non medical and elderly care institutions (91.56% vs 87.62%； $\chi$²=10.258，P=0.001). Conclusion The disinfection quality of elderly care institutions in Qingdao is generally good. The qualified rates of some projects such as the surface of faucets and the hands of nursing staff are relatively low. It is necessary to strengthen disinfection training and guidance, as well as hygiene supervision, in response to weak links.

Objective To test in vitro and field bactericidal efficacy of normal temperature and low temperature formulations of potassium monopersulfate composite salt disinfectant against bacterial vegetative cells, and to evaluate their disinfection performance on object surfaces. Methods The quantitative bactericidal test method using cloth carrier immersion and on-site disinfection test method were used to assess the efficacy of 1 500 and 1 000 mg/L potassium monopersulfate composite salt disinfectant formulations both at normal temperature and low temperature against Escherichia coli and Staphylococcus aureus. Results Under normal temperature (20℃), the 1 000 mg/L potassium monopersulfate composite salt disinfectant reduced the bacterial count of Escherichia coli and Staphylococcus aureus on cloth carriers by more than 4.0 log within 5 min. Under low temperature (-18℃), the low temperature disinfectant with a concentration of 1 000 mg/L reduced the bacterial count of Escherichia coli and Staphylococcus aureus by more than 4.0 log and 3.0 log within 7.5 min, respectively. The 1 000 mg/L normal temperature formulations potassium monopersulfate composite salt disinfectant eliminated the natural bacterial count on object surfaces within 10 min, with an average killing rate of 95.59%. Conclusion Both normal temperature and low temperature potassium hydrogen peroxymonosulfate compound disinfectants can effectively eliminate bacterial vegetative cells, and they are suitable for disinfecting object surfaces under normal and low temperature conditions.

Objective To understand the current status of disinfection quality in childcare agencies in some districts of Shanghai, and to provide a basis for improving the quality of disinfection work in childcare agencies. Methods On-site sampling and testing methods were used to monitor and analyze the disinfection quality of childcare agencies in three districts in the southwest of Shanghai. Results From 2016 to 2023, a total of 1 092 childcare agencies under the jurisdiction of Minhang District, Xuhui District, and Songjiang District in Shanghai were sampled and monitored, with an average overall qualified rate of 72.62%. 83.28% of childcare agencies failed only in 1 category of sample, and 76.59% of the staff failed in hand hygiene. There was a significant difference in the qualified rate of childcare agencies in different jurisdictions (X²=29.929, P<0.05), with the highest qualified rate of 80.39% in Xuhui District and the lowest qualified rate of 61.20% in Songjiang District. The qualified rate of public childcare agencies was 76.32%, while that of private childcare agencies was 65.98%, with a significant difference (X²=13.483, P<0.05). Conclusion Among childcare agencies in the three districts in the southwest of Shanghai, the disinfection quality in central urban areas (Xuhui District) is better, and the supervision and management of hygiene quality in suburban (Songjiang District) childcare agencies should be strengthened.

Objective To investigate the cleaning and disinfection efficacy of disinfectant wipes on the object surfaces of comprehensive dental treatment equipment, and to provide the theoretical evidence for prevention and control nosocomial infection. Methods Object surface samples were collected from dental units across 25 campuses of municipal hospitals in Beijing. Rapid detection methods were employed to assess the level of surface contamination. The cleaning and disinfection efficacy was evaluated after using disposable disinfectant wipes containing quaternary ammonium compounds. Results A total of 900 samples were collected from the comprehensive dental treatment equipment, including 450 samples contaminated by high splash treatment, and 450 samples after cleaning and disinfection. After the high splash treatment, the qualified rate of the contaminated object surfaces was 64.89%, among which the qualified rate of the spittoons (37.33%) was lower than other points. After cleaning and disinfection, the qualified rate of the object surfaces increased to 90.00%, the qualified rate of the patient’s armrests (both sides) was the lowest (82.67%), and the qualified rate of the operating table and panel (doctor’s side) was the highest (94.67%). Conclusion The disinfectant wipes can effectively clean and disinfect the object surfaces of the comprehensive dental treatment equipment. Medical institutions should strengthen the management of the cleaning and disinfection process of comprehensive dental treatment equipment, and pay attention to the dental water lines and high-frequency contact points of patients.