口腔综合治疗台管道系统易形成生物膜，其潜在的医院感染风险易带来公共安全问题,其微生物污染问题引起很多学者的关注，人们对口腔综合治疗台水路微生物污染的关注度也日益增加。本文就口腔综合治疗台水路微生物污染现状及感染防控措施进行综述。

介绍达芬奇机器人手术器械的分类及构造，阐述达芬奇机器人手术器械清洗消毒灭菌方法及清洗消毒灭菌效果监测方法研究现状，为制订达芬奇机器人手术器械清洗消毒灭菌及效果监测的标准作业流程提供借鉴。

Objective To study the disinfection effectiveness and safety of 222 nm ultraviolet, and to provide scientific basis for its practical application. Methods The quantitative virus inactivation test, carrier quantitative germicidal test, cell safety of layered cell slices and disposable skin irritation test were used to evaluate the virucidal effect, germicidal effect and safety of 222 nm ultraviolet source. Results Under the condition of radiation dose of 15 mJ/cm², the killing rate of 222 nm ultraviolet on Escherichia coli and Staphylococcus aureus on carriers was 99.52% and 99.97%, respectively, when the organic interfering substance was 0.3% BSA; and the killing rates of the above two types of bacteria were 85.05% and 99.49% respectively, when the organic interfering substance was 3% BSA. When the radiation dose was 30 mJ/cm², the inactivation rate of 222 nm ultraviolet on H1N1 influenza A virus, enterovirus 71 and poliovirusⅠvaccine strains on the carriers was up to 99.9%. When irradiated with the same dose in the layered cell model, the survival rate of the upper and lower cells was about 70% and 80%, respectively. At a radiation dose of 479 mJ/cm², no obvious irritation was observed when rabbits skin were irradiated with 222 nm ultraviolet for 48 h. Conclusion The 222 nm ultraviolet had good killing effect on bacterial propagules and viruses, and its penetration into the deep cells was limited without obvious skin irritation.

Objective To establish the quantitative test method for residual hydrogen peroxide on the surface of objects after vaporized hydrogen peroxide disinfection, so as to guide the safe treatment after disinfection. Methods The concentration of residual hydrogen peroxide on the surface of objects in the environment after vaporization hydrogen peroxide disinfection was determined by on-site sampling and ultraviolet spectrophotometry. Results The lowest detection levels were 1.051 3 μg, 1.062 4 μg and 0.078 4 μg for wipe-type, dip-type and fill-type consumables respectively, with the recoveries ranging from 85% to 120% and precision less than 15%. After normal sterilization in the isolator, inside the breathing bag, hydrogen peroxide residues were measured on vials, ordinary rubber stoppers and compartments of the sample package. Fluorine-coated stoppers were less likely to absorb hydrogen peroxide residues than ordinary stoppers. Conclusion The method is able to quantify hydrogen peroxide residues on sterilized consumables and countertops in isolators.

Objective To observe the corrosiveness of commonly used disinfectants on metal surfaces, so as to provide a reference for their standardized use. Methods The corrosion testing method was used to observe the corrosiveness of alcohols, chlorine-containing disinfectants, hydrogen peroxide and quaternary ammonium salts on carbon steel, aluminum, copper, stainless steel and zinc. Results Alcohol disinfectants had no corrosion on stainless steel and copper, but had slight corrosion on zinc. Chlorine-containing disinfectant containing 1 000 mg/L effective chlorine had no corrosion on stainless steel, and had moderate corrosion on copper, aluminum and carbon steel. 60 g/L hydrogen peroxide disinfectant had no corrosion on stainless steel and carbon steel, moderate corrosion on zinc sheet and mild corrosion on aluminum. 1 000 mg/L quaternary ammonium salt disinfectants had no corrosion on stainless steel and copper, and light and moderate corrosion on carbon steel. Conclusion Except stainless steel, the four commonly used disinfectants have different degrees of corrosion on other four metals, among which alcohol and quaternary ammonium salt disinfectants are less corrosive.

Objective To systematically evaluate the cleaning quality and related influencing factors of instruments in central sterile supply department of domestic hospitals. Methods ThePubMed, CNKI and other databases were searched from inception to May 2024. Meta-analysis was performed using Review Manager 5.4.1 software. Results A total of 17 articles were included, involving 16 946 samples. The study showed that the unqualified rate of equipment cleaning in the central sterile supply departmentof domestic hospitals was 11 %. Among the 21 factors investigated, 13 were related to the quality of instrument cleaning: pretreatment standardization, operation process standardization, strictness of supervision system, layout of cleaning equipment, application of cleaning equipment, selection of cleaning tools, selection of cleaning agent, cleaning method, time of instrument soaking cleaning agent, presence of rust remover or cleaning agent residue, quality detection method, knowledge of operators and protection of cleaning personnel. Conclusion The unqualified rate of instrument cleaning in the CSSD of domestic hospitals is high, and many factors may lead to the decline of instrument cleaning quality.

Objective To investigate the physicochemical properties, disinfection efficacy against indicator microorganisms, and corrosion effects on common metals of three sodium percarbonate-based disinfectants. Methods The active oxygen content, pH value and metal corrosiveness of the three sodium percarbonate disinfectants were measured. Their bactericidal efficacy was evaluated using the quantitative suspension test. Results The active oxygen content of disinfectant A, B and C were 13.2%, 12.1% and 8.93%, respectively. A and B met the standard requirements, while C fell below the standard. At active oxygen content of 1.0%, the pH values of A, B, and C were 10.23, 10.10, and 10.52. All three disinfectants showed no significant corrosiveness to stainless steel, aluminum, or copper, but exhibited slight corrosiveness to carbon steel. The killing log value (KL) against Escherichia coli of disinfectant B≥5.00 with 0.05% active oxygen content incubating for 30 min, against Pseudomonas aeruginosa needed 0.1% active oxygen content for 30 min, and against Staphylococcus aureus needed 0.6% active oxygen content for 15 min. Disinfectant A and C needed 45 min to reach KL≥5.00. For Candida albicans, all three disinfectants with 2.0% active oxygen content achieved KL≥4.00 after 15 min. B completely eliminated Candida albicans within 15 min, while samples A and C required 30 min for complete eradication. In the test against Bacillus subtilis var. niger, all three disinfectants at 3.0% active oxygen content failed to reach KL≤5.00) after 120 min. Conclusion All three sodium percarbonate disinfectants can effectively killing bacterial propagules and fungi, but showed limited efficacy against spores and exhibited slight corrosiveness to carbon steel.

Objective To study the influencing factors of intracranial infection in patients after neuronavigation-assisted puncture drainage for intracerebral hemorrhage, and to provide the prevention and control of postoperative infection. Methods The clinical data and laboratory etiological examination data of patients with intracranial infection after neuronavigation-assisted puncture drainage for spontaneous intracerebral hemorrhage in a hospital were investigated retrospectively. Univariate and multivariate logistic regression analysis were used to analyze the influencing factors of intracranial infection. Results A total of 145 patients undergoing hematoma puncture and drainage were enrolled in this study. Postoperatively, intracranial infection occurred in 36 cases, with an infection rate of 24.8%. Among these infected patients, 5 strains of pathogenic bacteria were identified in cerebrospinal fluid, including 4 Gram-positive strains and 1 Gram-negative strain. Multivariate analysis indicated that preoperative GCS score≤8, no preoperative administration of antibiotics, and drainage tube indwelling time≥3 d were independent risk factors for intracranial infection following neuronavigation-assisted hematoma puncture and drainage. Conclusion The incidence of intracranial infection in patients undergoing intracerebral hematoma drainage in this hospital is relatively high. Patients with preoperative coma, no antibiotics, and drainage tube indwelling time ≥3 d are at high risk for intracranial infections, and the perioperative management of such patients should be strengthened.

本文简介了生物指示剂作为灭菌质量关键评估工具的发展历程，在芽孢生物特性的基础上阐述了生物指示剂的原理及技术发展历程，重点总结了微流控在生物快速指示剂研发中的潜在应用，并对其应用前景进行展望。本文旨在为医疗机构消毒供应中心及相关灭菌质量监测部门提供生物指示剂的系统性认知框架，并为灭菌质量控制的优化决策提供理论支撑与科学依据。

Objective To observe the genetic stability of enterovirus A71 (EV-A71) and its resistance to wet environments, dry environments and different temperatures, and to compare with those of poliovirus type 1 (PV-1) Sabin strain. Methods EV-A71 samples were collected from the 1^st, 10^th and 20^th generation cultures. The TCID₅₀ were determined. The genetic stability was determinated by whole genome sequencing. The resistance of EV-A71 and PV-1 Sabin strain to different environmental factors were observed by using the quantitative suspension test and the carrier-based quantitative test. Results The titers of the 1^st, 10^th and 20^th generation cultures of EV-A71 remained stable and the sequencing results of showed no significant difference(P>0.05). The resistance of enterovirus A71 and PV-1 Sabin strain to environmental factors had no significant difference(P>0.05). Conclusion Enterovirus A71 has good stability in gene sequence and viral titer and its resistance to environmental factors is comparable to that of PV-1 Sabin strain.

目的 了解温州医院血管导管相关血流感染情况和感染防控。 方法 对2020—2021年血管导管置管患者进行监测，研究感染病例的临床特征、病原菌分布和药敏试验结果，分析感染防控效果。 结果 2年共发生44例血管导管相关血流感染病例，千日感染率为0.17‰。临床特征中的基础疾病、监护室住院史、置管次数、导管留置时间是引起患者感染的重要影响因素。感染病例分离出病原菌67株，革兰阴性菌主要为肺炎克雷伯菌（44.78%），对亚胺培南耐药率为36.40%；革兰阳性菌主要为金黄色葡萄球菌（32.84%），对万古霉素耐药率为0%；真菌主要为白念珠菌（22.39%），对氟康唑耐药率为0%。 结论 血管导管相关血流感染的影响因素包括基础疾病≥2种，置管天数≥10 d，置管次数≥2次，监护室住院史。应早期评估感染高风险置管患者，执行分层级的感染防控全流程管理，降低感染率。掌握细菌耐药情况，合理选择抗菌药物实行精准抗感染治疗。

目的 探讨基于消毒供应质量控制指标的管腔器械清洗消毒流程优化。方法 采取多科联动、规范管腔器械预处理、研发多功能清洗消毒装置等措施，优化管腔器械清洗消毒流程。分别采用记录时间、ATP生物荧光法和满意度调查方法，收集分析流程优化前后消毒供应中心的管腔类手术器械清洗质量控制指标。结果 优化流程后，管腔类手术器械清洗合格率从87.30%提升至99.58%；清洗消毒时间从（74.40±1.385）min缩短至（68.29±1.458）min；消毒供应中心人员满意率从42.86%提高到96.43%。结论 优化基于消毒供应质量控制指标的管腔器械清洗流程，有助于提高管腔器械的清洗消毒效率和满意度。

Objective Constructing a core competency evaluation index system for Central Sterile Supply Department （CSSD）specialized nurses to provide a reference basis for the training of disinfection supply specialized nurses. Methods Based on literature review, semi-structured interviews, and the Delphi method, we constructed a core competency evaluation index system for disinfection supply specialized nurses. Results Two rounds of expert consultations were conducted, with questionnaire response rates of 95% and 85.00%, and expert authority coefficients of 0.834 and 0.876, respectively. The Kendall's W coefficients for each level of indicators in the two rounds fluctuated between 0.143-0.221 and 0.267-0.368, respectively, with statistically significant differences (P<0.05). Finally, a core competency evaluation index system for disinfection supply specialized nurses was established, consisting of 4 primary indicators, 10 secondary indicators, and 59 tertiary indicators. Conclusion The core competency evaluation index system is a comprehensive and objective reflection of the core competencies that CSSD nurses should have, which provides a basis for the training of specialist nurses in CSSD.

Objective To investigate the in vitro antimicrobial activity of antimicrobial peptide RP557 and its mechanism, and to evaluate its safety. Methods The minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) of RP557 against various clinical isolates was determined using the microdilution broth method. The bactericidal mechanism of RP557 against Gram-negative bacteria was analyzed through time-kill assays, biofilm inhibition, outer and inner membrane disruption, and ion leakage detection. The safety of RP557 at the animal level was assessed through histopathological examination and hepatic and renal function tests. Results MIC values of RP557 were≤32 µg/mL against multidrug-resistant and hypervirulent Gram-negative and Gram-positive clinical isolates. Biofilm formation could be completely inhibited at 1×MIC. Treatment with 2×MIC induced a 1.5-fold increase in outer membrane disruption, 10-fold increase in inner membrane damage, and significant Na⁺/K⁺ leakage. No significant differences in hepatic/renal function indices or lung histopathology scores were observed in mice after 400 µg/mL aerosol exposure compared to controls. Conclusion RP557 induces bacterial death through a dual-membrane disruption mechanism. At certain exposure doses, it shows no toxic side effects, highlighting its potential as a novel bactericidal agent.

Objective To understand the current situation of hand hygiene compliance of staff in second-class and above medical institutions in Shanghai, and to provide a basis for hand hygiene intervention strategies. Methods Using a retrospective survey method, the data on staff hand hygiene compliance reported by 75 medical institutions in Shanghai from Jan. 2017 to Dec. 2022 were statistically analyzed. Results From 2017 to 2022, the total compliance rate of hand hygiene in 75 medical institutions in Shanghai was 89.25%; Nurses had the highest compliance rate among staff, at 92.19%, while interns/trainees have the lowest compliance rate for hand hygiene, at 80.62%; The hand hygiene compliance rates of key departments and general departments in 2017—2019 and 2020—2022 were 89.72% and 85.58%,95.88% and 90.21% respectively, Before aseptic operation，before contacts with patients and after contacts with patients' surrounding environmental objects of ICU in 59 medical institutions showed an upward trend(P<0.05), relatively weak hand hygiene awareness after contact with patient and after contacts with patients bodily fluids (Z=0.56，P=0.575； Z=1.69，P=0.091). Conclusion The compliance of staff in Shanghai's second-class and above medical institutions with hand hygiene has been increasing year by year. Interns/trainees and ICU staff have relatively weak hand hygiene awareness after coming into contact with patient and after contacts with patients bodily fluids, and should be the focus of attention for hand hygiene.

Objective To evaluate the dynamic disinfection efficacy of a 222 nm ultraviolet (UV) sterilizer on high-frequency contact surfaces and airborne bacteria in a respiratory intensive care unit (RICU). Methods Seven isolated rooms within the RICU of a tertiary hospital in Zhejiang, China, were selected. Rooms were assigned to either a control group (Room 2, 4, 6) receiving routine cleaning and ventilation, or an intervention group (Room 1, 3, 5, 7) receiving additional disinfection using a 222 nm UV sterilizer. Environmental samples were collected continuously for 3 days, with air and surface samples taken every 2 hours from 8:00 to 16:00 daily, totaling 1 050 samples. Bacterial colony counts and detection rates of Acinetobacter baumannii (AB) and Klebsiella pneumoniae (KP) were measured. Results The intervention group showed significantly lower mean colony counts on both surfaces and in air samples compared to the control group (P<0.05). Surface bacterial load was reduced from (161.63±464.17) cfu/cm² to (54.64±220.59) cfu/cm², while airborne bacterial load decreased from (215.14±303.88) cfu/m² to (150.65±106.52) cfu/m². The detection rates of AB and KP also decreased significantly in both surface and air samples. Conclusion The 222 nm ultraviolet sterilizer demonstrates significant disinfecting efficacy in the RICU environment. It effectively reduces microbial contamination on surfaces and in the air. Notably, it exhibits more stable and sustained efficacy for air disinfection. This device serves as a robust supplementary measure to routine disinfection protocols.

消毒供应中心（CSSD）的器械清洗是保障医疗安全的关键环节。本文综述了影响 CSSD 器械清洗质量的主要因素，涵盖人为因素、器械因素、环节因素和管理因素，并从实践层面、培训层面和管理层面进一步探讨了提升清洗质量的干预策略，但复杂器械的清洗、新技术的普及应用以及确保各项标准和指南的严格执行仍面临挑战，未来研究需聚焦于新型复杂器械的清洗方案、干预措施的成本效益分析以及促进指南有效转化和持续改进的策略，以期不断提升 CSSD 器械清洗质量，最大限度地降低医院相关感染风险，保障患者安全。

Objective To understand the risk points of infection control in private medical cosmetology institutions in Shanghai. Methods 23 private medical cosmetology institutions were selected through stratified sampling, and the current status of infection control related work in medical cosmetology institutions was investigated through on-site inspections, personal interviews, and questionnaires. Results The medical cosmetology institutions under investigation were mainly outpatient department (73.91%), and more than 60% were located in office buildings or shops along the street. 19 medical cosmetology institutions were equipped with operating rooms, and 94.44% of them conducted preoperative three tests for infectious diseases; 82.61% of them were equipped with 1~2 employees in CSSD or disinfection room. All these institutions were equipped with disinfection equipment and various disinfectants, but there were cases of irregular use; Less than half of the institutions met the requirements for the setting of medical waste collection points, transportation routes and disinfection records, and more than half of the institutions had irregular medical sewage monitoring. Conclusion There are some defects in infection control in private medical cosmetology institutions in Shanghai, and the management of operating room, cleaning and sterilization of medical devices, daily environmental disinfection, waste and sewage management are risk point of infection control.

Objective To observe the applicability and influencing factors of the contact dish method in detecting microorganisms on the surface of environmental objects. Methods Bacterial quantitation detection was used to observe the application effect of contact dish method in detecting microorganisms on the surface of environmental objects. Results The average recovery rate of bacterial count on the surface of 6 flat material carriers using the contact dish method was 83.96%, which was higher than the recovery rate (76.48%) of surface bacteria using the cotton swab wiping method. T (P>0.05). When the bacterial count on the surface of object was >100 cfu/25 cm², the cotton swab wiping method was more optimal. Conclusion When the bacterial count on the surface of object is <100 cfu/25 cm², the contact dish method is superior to the cotton swab wiping method; while the bacterial count on the surface of object is >100 cfu/25 cm², the cotton swab wiping method is more optimal.

Objective To explore the application value of sterilization parameter detection in the maintenance of pulsating vacuum pressure steam sterilizer. Methods The sterilization parameters were detected by the indicators and the temperature and pressure detector, and the indication function of these parameters in maintenance of the pulsating vacuum pressure steam sterilizer was observed and analyzed. Results Only one of the five pulsating vacuum pressure steam sterilizers passed the test, and four failed, including excessive balance time, maintenance time and temperature uniformity, as well as PCD and B-D test results. The balance time of one sterilizer was too long (147 s), the maintenance time was too short (65 s), and the monitoring results of type 6 PCD and B-D pack were unqualified. After several maintenance, the sterilization parameters were not up to standard. However, after the replacement of the inlet and exhaust solenoid valves, the sterilization parameters were significantly improved, the balance time was shortened (49 s), the maintenance time was extended (207 s), and the monitoring results of PCD and B-D packages were qualified. Conclusion The sterilization parameters can effectively determine the fault maintenance of the sterilizer, and can be used as the basis for judging the maintenance effect.

Objective To study the effect and influencing factors of LED ultraviolet light on the disinfection of low-temperature surfaces of different materials, and to provide reference data for the application of LED ultraviolet disinfection technology in low-temperature environment. Methods Under the condition of -18℃, different types of infection carriers were irradiated with LED ultraviolet light, with Staphylococcus aureus as the indicator microorganism, cloth sheets, corrugated paper sheets, stainless steel sheets, glass sheets, filter paper sheets, plastic sheets, etc. as the infection carriers, and the disinfection effect was evaluated based on the quantitative bacteriacidal test of the carriers, and the effects of different organic interferences and other factors on the disinfection effect were detected. Results Under the conditions of this study, the disinfection efficacy of LED ultraviolet light on low-temperature object surfaces of different materials, ranked from strongest to weakest, was as follows: glass slides > stainless steel sheets > fabric pieces > filter paper > plastic sheets > corrugated paper. The impact of different organic interfering substances on the disinfection efficacy of LED ultraviolet light, ranked from the greatest to the least, was as follows: TSB > 3.0% BSA > 0.3% BSA > no interfering substances. Prolonging irradiation time could effectively enhance the disinfection pass rate of filter paper and plastic sheets. Conclusion The disinfection effect of LED ultraviolet light on the surface of low-temperature objects is affected by various factors such as surface material, contamination level, and irradiation duration, etc.

ObjectiveTo investigate the teratogenic toxicity of a new quaternary ammonium salt disinfectant on animals and provide a basis for its safety in use. Methods Animal experiments were conducted to observe the teratogenic toxicity of a new quaternary ammonium salt disinfectant. Results During the experimental period, no maternal toxicity was observed in the different dose groups of the new quaternary ammonium salt disinfectant. There was no statistically significant difference in the effects of the test substance on the formation of rat embryos, the appearance and bones of fetuses, and visceral development of fetuses compared to the negative control group (P>0.05). The weight of fetal rats in the medium-dose group [150 mg/（kg·bw）] and the weight and tail length of fetal rats in the high-dose group [500 mg/ （kg·bw）] of the new quaternary ammonium salt disinfectant were more than those in the negative control group, but there was no actual biological significance. Conclusion Under the conditions of this experiment, no observed adverse effect level is observed in the teratogenic test of the quaternary ammonium salt disinfectant, and the teratogenic index is equal to 10, indicating that it is basically non teratogenic.

Objective To analyze the awareness and risk factors of infectious occupational exposure among medical staffs. Methods 186 medical staff who were employed in our hospital from July 2023 to June 2024 were selected and divided into an exposed group (n=79) and an unexposed group (n=107) based on the occurrence of occupational exposure. The cognitive level and risk factors of occupational exposure among medical staff were investigated, and their correlation was analyzed. Results The incidence of infectious occupational exposure among medical staff in our hospital was 42.47%, and there was a statistically significant difference (P<0.05) in education level, operating procedures, length of service, self-protection, compliance with protective measures, and Occupational Exposure Risk Perception Scale scores between the exposed and unexposed groups; Spearman correlation analysis showed that the scores of various dimensions of the Occupational Exposure Risk Perception Scale were negatively correlated with infectious occupational exposure (P<0.05); Multivariate logistic regression analysis showed that short length of service, low awareness of self-protection, and low scores of Occupational Exposure Risk Perception Scale were independent risk factors for infectious occupational exposure among medical staff (P<0.05). Conclusion The incidence of infectious occupational exposure among medical staff is relatively high, and its occurrence is closely related to awareness, length of service, and self-protection.

Objective To explore the application of ATP bioluminescence assay in monitoring the hygiene of various catering utensils and hand sanitation of staff in cafeterias. Methods From January to June 2023, ATP bioluminescence assay was used to assess the cleanliness of 283 disinfected catering utensils and staff hands in a tertiary hospital cafeteria. The specificity, sensitivity, and positive rates of ATP bioluminescence assay were compared with the "gold standard method" (coliform rapid detection paper strip method). Results Compared to the coliform rapid detection paper strip method, the ATP bioluminescence assay showed a lower positive rate (4.9% vs 12%), lower sensitivity (29%), high specificity (98%), and poor agreement between the two methods ( k value = 0.375). Conclusion ATP bioluminescence assay is significantly influenced by material properties and environmental factors in food hygiene supervision. Its application should be tailored based on the surrounding environment, sampled specimen types, and sampling sites.

Objective To observe the effect of two disinfection methods on air disinfection in dental clinics. Methods The plate settling method and air sampler method were used to compare and observe the effect of two air disinfection methods on air disinfection in dental clinics. Results The plasma disinfection machine was used to disinfect the air in the dental clinics, and the number of bacteria detected was significantly lower than that of the ultraviolet lamp disinfection method. The number of bacteria captured by the plate settling method was lower than that of the air sampler method. Conclusion The plasma disinfection machine has a better disinfection effect on indoor air in dental clinics than that of ultraviolet lamp.

Objective To investigate the inactivation efficacy of electron beam irradiation at different doses against Staphylococcus aureus, Escherichia coli, Geobacillus stearothermophilus spores, and poliovirus type I (PV-1) vaccine strain. Methods Stainless steel carriers loaded with the four indicator microorganisms were irradiated with electron beams at doses of 5, 15, 20, 25, 30 and 40 kGy (dose rate: 1 kGy/min; irradiation time: 5, 15, 20, 25, 30 and 40 min). Log reduction values (LRV) were calculated to evaluate microbial inactivation. Results After 25 kGy irradiation, LRVs for all four microorganisms reached ≥3.00. However, radiation resistance varied significantly: S. aureus and G. stearothermophilus required 20 and 25 kGy, respectively， and E. coli and PV-1 only required 15 kGy. Conclusion Electron beam irradiation can serve as an effective method for biosafety disinfection, though different microorganisms require different doses.

Objective To observe the inactivation effect of commonly used chemical disinfectants on enterovirus 71 (EV-71), and provide reference for practical disinfection applications. Methods The virus inactivation test method was used to observe the effect of commonly used chemical disinfectants on inactivating EV-71. Results After being treated with 5 000 mg/L polyhexamethylene biguanide and 2 000 mg/L polyhexamethylguanidine hydrochloride for 10 min, the inactivation logarithmic values of EV-71 in suspension were 3.55 and 3.61, respectively. When treated with a chlorine-containing disinfectant with an available chlorine concentration of 200 mg/L for 1 min, EV-71 in suspension could be inactivated completely. When treated with 1 000 mg/L peracetic acid for 5 min and 10 g/L hydrogen peroxide for 10 min, the inactivation logarithmic values of EV-71 were all >4.0. Two kinds of quaternary ammonium salt disinfectants could not effectively inactivate EV-71 at the experimental concentrations. Conclusion Both chlorine-containing disinfectants and peroxide disinfectants can effectively inactivate EV-71, while guanidine disinfectants and quaternary ammonium salt disinfectants have poor inactivation effects on the virus under experimental conditions.

Objective To study the influence of different sampling methods on the detection results of bacteria on the surface of hard objects. Methods Bacterial solutions of 10⁴ cfu/mL of Staphylococcus aureus and Pseudomonas aeruginosa were selected to stain the surface of stainless steel, with a bacterial area of 100 cm². Swab sampling method, Petrifilm method and carrier imprinting method were used to sample at normal temperature and low temperature, respectively. After incubation at 37℃ for 48 h, the bacterial colonies were counted and compared. Results The total numbers of bacteria detected by the three sampling methods for Staphylococcus aureus and Pseudomonas aeruginosa on the surface of hard objects were statistically significant (P<0.001) under normal and low temperature conditions. The total number of colonies detected by Petrifilm method was the highest, followed by carrier imprinting method, and swab sampling method was the lowest. Conclusion Under normal and low temperature conditions, the Petrifilm method and carrier imprinting method have higher detection rate of pathogenic bacteria on the surface of hard objects.

近年来，通过空气传播的各类新发传染病频繁发生，使得空气消毒技术也备受关注；空气消毒技术是利用不同方法对空气中的微生物、病毒和有害气体进行消毒和净化的技术。随着空气消毒技术的迅速发展，紫外线消毒技术由于其高效、安全的特点，成为当前研究和应用的热点，此外，等离子体消毒技术凭借其广谱杀菌能力和持续消毒效果，也逐渐受到关注；与此同时，传统的化学消毒方法在特定环境下仍具有一定的应用价值。本文以空气消毒技术为主题，介绍了各种技术的基本原理，并梳理了其研究脉络，详细叙述了空气消毒技术的研究现状和进展，分析讨论了应用场景和实用性前景，探讨空气消毒技术的发展趋势。

Objective To understand the current situation of flexible endoscope reprocessing in hospitals and provide reference for further standardizing the quality of endoscopic reprocessing. Methods A convenient sampling questionnaire survey was used to investigate and analyze the management and quality status of flexible endoscope reprocessing in 58 central sterile supply departments (CSSD) of hospitals in Shanghai. Results Among the 58 hospitals surveyed, 34 CSSDs of hospitals carried out reprocessing work for flexible endoscope. Among these 34 hospitals, 29 hospitals had endoscopic reprocessing management systems and operating procedures, and 15 hospitals had corresponding professional positions, and 30 hospitals carried out quality monitoring of endoscopic cleaning. Conclusion Hospitals that carry out endoscope reprocessing can follow professional standards and implement cleaning and disinfection process for flexible endoscope to ensure the quality of flexible endoscope reprocessing.

Objective To study the disinfection efficacy of 9 chemical disinfectants on bacteria isolated from clean areas and to provide a reference for effective disinfection in clean areas. Methods The suspension quantitative bactericidal test was adopted. Three concentrations of high, medium and low were selected to observe the bactericidal effects of nine common disinfectants on six types of bacterial vegetative cells such as Staphylococcus epidermidis and three types of bacterial spores such as Bacillus cereus spores. Results Effective disinfection of six types of bacterial vegetative cells was achieved by treating with 500 mg/L didecyldimethylammonium chloride or 600 mg/L sodium hypochlorite for 2 min. Effective disinfection of Bacillus cereus spores was achieved by treating with a combination of 55 g/L hydrogen peroxide and 800 mg/L peracetic acid and 5 g/L didecyldimethylammonium chloride acting for 30 min. Effective disinfection of Bacillus subtilis spores was achieved by using a complex of 1 500 mg/L benzalkonium chloride and 150 mg/L polyhexamethylene biguanide hydrochloride for 3 min. Effective disinfection of Bacillus licheniformis spores was achieved by treating with 2 g/L benzalkonium bromide for 2 min. Conclusion The nine types of chemical disinfectants can effectively kill the selected experimental microorganisms, and the concentration and duration of action are verified to ensure the expected disinfection effect.

目的 观察荧光标记法在医院环境物体表面清洁消毒效果评价中的应用价值，为实际应用提供依据。 方法 应用荧光标记法，评价某肿瘤医院环境物体表面清洁消毒效果。 结果 各考核科室清洁合格率干预后均较干预前高，干预前后合格率差异有统计学意义（P<0.05），清洁合格率呈逐渐上升趋势。 结论 荧光标记法简便有效、价格低廉，医院长期广泛应用后可以明显改善环境物体表面清洁消毒质量。

Objective To investigate the infection characteristics and drug resistance of carbapenem resistant Enterobacteriaceae (CRE) in patients in intensive care unit (ICU) of a hospital. Methods A retrospective analysis was conducted to investigate and analyze the characteristics and drug resistance of CRE infection in ICU patients of a hospital. Results A total of 968 strains of Enterobacteriaceae were detected from specimens of ICU inpatients in the hospital for five consecutive years, including 414 strains of CRE, accounting for 42.8% of the isolated strains. The CRE strains were mainly isolated from sputum, urine, and blood samples, with sputum samples accounting for as much as 76.8%. The proportion of Klebsiella pneumoniae detected in Enterobacteriaceae was as high as 95.4%, followed by Serratia marcescens (1.7%) and Escherichia coli (1.2%). The isolated strains were highly resistant to β - lactam and carbapenem antibiotics, but were sensitive to tigecycline and cefotaxime/avibactam. Conclusion The proportion of CRE detected in the specimens of ICU patients in this hospital is relatively high, indicating severe drug resistance. The intensity of the use of carbapenems should be strictly controlled and monitoring should be strengthened.

Objective To evaluate the disinfection effect and mobility performance of an intelligent disinfection robot equipped with krypton chloride excimer photoelectric technology. Methods Laboratory disinfection tests and field applications were conducted to measure the ultraviolet irradiance of the equipment and its disinfection effect on Staphylococcus aureus contaminated stainless steel carriers. Mobility performance was assessed in a large sports venue. Results The intelligent disinfection robot consists of an excimer disinfection unit (rated power 100 W and 65 W, emitting 222 nm ultraviolet) and an autonomous robotic platform. Laboratory tests demonstrated a 99.99% average elimination rate of S. aureus on vertically placed stainless steel carriers (100 cm distance) after 10 min of irradiation. In field applications, the robot utilized LIDAR and navigation modules to achieve autonomous operation, patrolling, and obstacle avoidance. For areas≤10 m², it automatically activated disinfection mode (30 min cycle) or standby based on human presence detection. For areas >10 m², it performed autonomous path planning, multi-point disinfection, and auto-return functions at 0.1 m/s velocity, completing 60 m² venue disinfection in approximately 25 min. Conclusion The intelligent disinfection robot exhibited excellent disinfection capability by using 222 nm ultraviolet radiation and demonstrated reliable autonomous navigation with static/dynamic obstacle recognition and avoidance capacities.

耳念珠菌是一种新型真菌病原菌，可引起严重的感染，死亡率高。耳念珠菌环境抵抗力强，可在患者皮肤和环境中长期定植，不易鉴别且具有多药耐药的特点，易造成医院感染暴发，因此对耳念珠菌的感染控制至关重要。本文综述了国内外针对耳念珠菌的感染控制方法、消毒措施和常用消毒剂，为完善耳念珠菌医院感染控制措施以及制订相关消毒标准提供参考。

Objective To identify the risks of nosocomial infection in the newly built hemodialysis centers of the healthcare consortium by applying the Failure Mode and Effects Analysis (FMEA) method, and to explore the effect of prevention, control, and mastery of the risk points. Methods FMEA was used to identify the risks of nosocomial infection in dialysis centers, and 38 potential risk points in 6 categories were quantitatively analyzed. The key risk points with the value of risk priority index (RPN) were identified, and improvement interventions were formulated and implemented, then the effect of the interventions were evaluated. Results The FMEA method was applied to find 10 risk points in 4 nosocomial infection risk categories, namely, unreasonable building layout and insufficient facilities, inadequate disinfection and maintenance of new equipments, non-compliance of personnel training and management, and incorrect sampling of surveillance specimens, with RPN values >125. After implementing the intervention measures, including adjusting the bed spacing in the isolation treatment area for infectious diseases, changing the location of the medical waste disposal room, standardizing the sampling process, and strengthening training, the RPN values of the 10 risk points were all <125. Conclusion FMEA helps to timely identify the risks of hospital-acquired infections in the newly built hemodialysis centers of the medical consortium. These risks are controlled after intervention.

Objective To investigate dental unit waterline (DUWL) contamination in oral healthcare institutions of Yangzhou City, and to observe the intervention effects of disinfection methods. Methods Water samples of DUWL dental hand pieces, air/water syringes, mouth rinse units, and scaler outlets from 16 institutions were collected, and tested for bacterial contamination. Field disinfection experiments were conducted to observe the bacterial control effect of 25 and 50 mg/L chlorine dioxide disinfectant alone and in combination with multi-enzyme detergent on DUWL. Results A total of 175 dental water samples were collected, with an average total qualified rate of 54.29%. The qualified rate of different types of water samples varied significantly ( $\chi$²=10.968, P=0.027), which the highest qualified rate was washing water (80.00%) and the lowest was dental cleaning water (37.93%). The qualified rate of stomatology department in medical institutions was higher than that of private dental clinics ($\chi$²=6.642, P=0.010). On Day 1 after disinfection, qualified rates increased across all groups (P<0.05), though bacterial counts showed no significant intergroup differences (P>0.05). On Day 3, the qualified rates declined markedly, yet 50 mg/L chlorine dioxide combined with multi-enzyme detergent maintained efficacy in handpiece and syringe water (lower bacterial counts). For rinse/mouthwash units, all four methods showed comparable efficacy within one week (P>0.05). Conclusion The dental water exhibits moderate contamination in Yangzhou City, and the combination of chlorine dioxide and multi-enzyme detergent has a certain control effect on DUWL contamination.

目的 探讨多重清洗与传统清洗程序在消毒供应中心精密器械清洗质量中的效果。方法 选取2022年1—12月回收的2 000件精密器械，采用随机抽签法分为观察组和对照组，每组1 000件，观察组采用多重清洗程序，对照组采用传统清洗程序，比较2组清洗效果。结果 观察组五官科器械、妇科腔镜器械、腹腔镜器械、泌尿科膀胱镜器械和脑外科精密器械残留蛋白检测合格率、放大镜检测合格率、ATP荧光检测合格率和潜血检测合格率均高于对照组（P<0.05）。结论 相比较传统清洗程序，多重清洗在消毒供应中心精密器械清洗中有较好的效果，值得推广使用。

Objective To investigate the disinfection efficacy of vaporized hydrogen peroxide (VHP) in four scenarios involving A2 biosafety cabinets (BSCs). Methods Using G. stearothermophilus spores as biological indicators (1×10⁶ cfu/carrier), VHP was applied to A2 BSCs under four scenarios: (1) decontamination of the BSC workbench, (2) decontamination of the BSC intake/exhaust high-efficiency particulate air (HEPA) filters and workbench, (3) pre-maintenance or HEPA filter replacement decontamination, (4) decontamination prior to BSC decommissioning. Complete inactivation of indicator microorganisms at all test sites was defined as successful disinfection. Results Under 20-25℃, 50%-65% relative humidity, disinfection methods of complete inactivation of indicator microorganisms were as follow. (1) Workbench: fan off, glass door closed, 10 g H₂O₂ evaporated at 0.5 g/min for 20 min, followed by a 60 min hold time. (2) HEPA filters and workbench: Fan on, glass door open, 60 g H₂O₂ evaporated at 2 g/min for 30 min, followed by a 30 min hold time. (3) Pre-maintenance or HEPA replacement: 270 g H₂O₂ evaporated at 2.5 g/min for 60 min (fan on, door open), followed by a 120 min hold phase at 1 g/min (fan off, door closed). (4) Pre-decommissioning: Fan off, door closed, with an external fan circulating air into the BSC chamber; 270 g H₂O₂ evaporated at 3 g/min for 60 min, followed by a 180 min hold phase at 0.5 g/min. Conclusion VHP effectively eliminates G. stearothermophilus spores in A2 BSCs across diverse operational scenarios.

目的 了解医院普通病区及重症监护病区（ICU）不同使用周期的病床隔帘表面病原菌污染状况及种类分布特征，为防控病床隔帘相关医院感染并确定对病床隔帘的消毒频次提供参考。方法 采用现场采样和细菌分离鉴定方法，检测四川省某医院普通病房和ICU病床隔帘的细菌污染情况。结果 共计对326件病床隔帘进行采样，细菌污染平均超标率为23.31%。普通病区隔帘细菌污染超标率为1.85%~25.86%，以心血管病区隔帘细菌污染超标率最高； ICU隔帘细菌超标率为37.50%~62.50%，以神经外科ICU隔帘超标率最高。ICU隔帘使用当天超标率为10.63%；使用1个月和3个月超标率分别为14.89%和29.79%。共检出157株病原菌，凝固酶阴性葡萄球菌、芽孢杆菌和藤黄微球菌构成比分居前3位，分别占59.87%、17.20%和7.01%。结论 该医院ICU病床隔帘的污染率高于普通病区，随使用时间延长病床隔帘污染加重。建议医院每月定时更换病房隔帘。