Objective To understand the current status and characteristics of bloodborne occupational exposure among healthcare workers in a tertiary hospital, and to provide references for improving occupational health protection measures for medical personnel. Methods A retrospective analysis was conducted on the data of healthcare workers who experienced bloodborne occupational exposure from January 2015 to December 2024 in a tertiary hospital. Results Over the past decade, a total of 347 occupational exposure incidents occurred in the hospital. Nursing staff accounted for the highest proportion of exposed personnel (55.62%), followed by medical trainees (25.36%) and clinical physicians (15.56%). Percutaneous sharp injuries were the most common exposure route (89.34%), followed by contamination of wounds or mucous membranes (11.66%). The main exposure scenarios included clinical procedures (50.39%), instrument sorting (31.10%), and needle removal (18.50%). Hepatitis B virus was the most frequent exposure source (40.92%). The widely recommended first aid measure for sharp injury exposures was first by squeezing the wound to express blood, followed by rinsing and disinfection. Conclusion Nursing staff experience the highest proportion of occupational exposures, primarily involving sharp injuries during clinical procedures, with hepatitis B virus being the most common source. The correct first aid procedure is to squeeze the wound first, then to rinse and disinfect it.

Objective To verify the disinfection effect of a compound quaternary ammonium salt disinfectant on microbiology laboratories. Methods Suspension quantitative bactericidal test and carrier quantitative bactericidal test were used to verify the bactericidal effect of the compound quaternary ammonium salt disinfectant. Results In the microbial counting method for the compound quaternary ammonium salt disinfectant, pH 7.0 sterile sodium chloride-peptone buffer containing 3% polysorbate 80 and 0.3% lecithin was used as the diluent, and the recovery rate of 5 standard bacteria could meet the requirements of 0.5~2 with a dilution level of 1:10 and an inoculation volume of 1 mL/dish. In the verification test of disinfectant bactericidal effect, when using the suspension method, the killing logarithm values of Staphylococcus aureus, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, and Escherichia coli were all >5.00, and the killing logarithm values of Candida albicans and Aspergillus niger were all ≥4.00, and the killing logarithm values of environmental microorganisms were all ≥3.00; When using the carrier method, the killing logarithm values of standard bacterial strains and environmental microorganisms on several material carriers were all ≥3.00. Conclusion The compound quaternary ammonium salt disinfectant has a good killing effect on standard bacterial strains and environmental microorganisms, and can be used for disinfection in pharmaceutical microbiology laboratories.

Objective To compare the consistency of UV radiation dose indicator cards and photometers in evaluating the effect of UV sterilization on medical environment objects, and to provide a basis for rapid evaluation of UV disinfection effect in medical environment. Methods Test points on high-frequency contact surfaces within the ward were selected, and UV radiation photometers, a dose indicator card, and three types of bacterial carriers (Escherichia coli, Staphylococcus aureus, and Bacillus subtilis var. niger) were placed respectively. The ultraviolet disinfection lamp was activated for 30 min, and UV radiation photometers readings and the color changes of the dose indicator card were recorded. The bacterial carriers for colony count were collected. Results All 60 UV radiation dose indicator cards exhibited color change and passed the qualification test. The cumulative UV radiation dose displayed by the dose indicator cards was consistent with that shown by the photometer, and the main data showed significant positive correlation ( P<0.001 ) with the average logarithmic value of microbial inactivation for the three indicator microorganisms. Conclusion Using the ultraviolet radiation dose indicator card to evaluate the ultraviolet disinfection effect in a medical environment is convenient and reliable.

非洲猪瘟病毒（ASFV）为高致病性病原，感染家猪及野猪后致死率极高，全球50个国家受其影响，我国 2018 年首报疫情以来损失惨重，目前尚无特效疫苗与治疗药物，消毒是疫情控制的关键。本文综述了近年来ASFV最新分类情况、灭活方法进展以及国内外对非洲猪瘟疫情的防控措施。当前研究存在毒株差异、毒株少等局限，未来需推进疫苗研发、加强实验室研究及国际协作。

为解决急性呼吸道传染病疫情后建筑资源浪费问题，合理高效地使用公共卫生资源，“平疫结合”病房转换成为医疗建筑设计与应急管理领域的研究热点。转换按不同维度的技术属性分为空间布局转换、机电系统转换和应急储备机制，主要转换措施包括添加/拆除移动隔板、卫生通道及房间重分配、调节空调排风系统和正负压病房启用运行等。本文重点介绍了我国“平疫结合”转换病房建设现状，并对主要转化措施存在的问题及应对策略进行初步探讨，以期为医疗机构新建、改扩建“平疫两用”病房提供技术参考。

Objective To observe the killing and bacteriostatic effects of compound Atractylodes lancea oil on natural bacteria in indoor air, and to explore human sensory acceptability of its odor, so as to providing a basis for the application feasibility of compound Atractylodes lancea oil as an air fumigant. Methods The plate sedimentation method and bacterial culture were used to determine the killing and bacteriostatic effects of the compound oil on natural bacteria in indoor air, with conventional ultraviolet disinfection as the control. Meanwhile, the 9-point hedonic scale was adopted to evaluate human acceptability of the odor. Results The compound preparation formulated with plant essential oils such as Atractylodes lancea, mugwort leaf, and wild chrysanthemum achieved a killing rate of 78.4%-79.5% against natural bacteria in indoor air after 60 min of natural volatilization. 6 h after stopping volatilization, the bacteriostatic rate remained at 62.0%-67.0%. For the control group, conventional ultraviolet irradiation for 60 min resulted in a killing rate of 79.3% against natural bacteria in indoor air, and the bacteriostatic rate was maintained at 58.1% 6 h after irradiation cessation. Among different formulations of compound Atractylodes lancea oil used for indoor air treatment, the blend of Atractylodes lancea oil, wild chrysanthemum oil, and rose oil showed the highest odor acceptability among 50 subjects. Conclusion The compound Atractylodes lancea oil exhibits certain killing and bacteriostatic effects on indoor air bacteria, and can be used for indoor air disinfection and odor treatment.

Objective To investigate the current situation regarding the reprocessing of loaners and implants in hospital Central Sterile Supply Departments(CSSD) across hospitals in China and to provide scientific basis for the implementation of industry standards. Methods A structured questionnaire was administered to 1 688 hospitals to investigate the management system construction, informatization level and current reprocessing status of loaners and implants in their CSSDs. Results 82.29% had fully realized centralized management, 99.23% had established the management system for loaners and implants, while 63.57% included these items in their information management systems. Specialized positions with relatively fixed personnel were set up in 68.54% of hospitals, and 64.45% could deliver loaners and implants to the CSSD before 15:00 on the day prior to surgery. Suppliers provided timely instructions for cleaning, disinfection, packaging, and sterilization in 66.05% of those cases. Lists including all loaners and implants were provided by 57.17% of suppliers.59.30% of CSSDs conducted the first sterilization effectiveness tests. However, 21.74% of CSSDs did not meet the requirements specified in the instructions. 88.86% of Postoperative loaners were returned to suppliers after CSSD reprocessing.The implementation rates of information management, specialized position settings, and sterilization effectiveness tests in tertiary hospitals were significantly higher than those in secondary hospitals (P<0.05). Conclusion Central management of loaners and implants is prevalent in Chinese CSSDs. However, there are still shortcomings in information construction and the implementation of specialized positions, as well as problems such as insufficient cooperation from suppliers and non-standard sterilization operations. These issues need to be optimized from aspects such as system implementation, supplier management, and sterilization technology monitoring to ensure medical quality and surgical safety.

Objective To observe the disinfection effect and physicochemical properties of two kinds of peracetic acid disinfectants on flexible endoscopes. Methods On-site simulated disinfection experiments and physicochemical analysis methods were used to observe the disinfection effect and physicochemical properties of two kinds of peracetic acid disinfectants on flexible endoscopes. Results Flexible endoscopes were soaked in two kinds of peracetic acid disinfectants with a concentration of 1 000 mg/L for 5 min, and the killing logarithm values of Bacillus subtilis var. niger spores contaminated on the instruments were both >3.00. Two kinds of peracetic acid disinfectants still maintained qualified disinfection effects after using continuously for 14 d. Conclusion The two kinds of peracetic acid disinfectants used in this study have stable performance and good disinfection effects on flexible endoscopes.

Objective To investigate the current status of the establishment and risk points of negative pressure isolation wards in selected hospitals nationwide, and to provide a reference basis for improving the hospital infection control and management system. Methods A survey was conducted in hospitals of different levels and types in 7 regions of China, to investigate the number of negative pressure isolation wards established, the setting of buffer rooms, pressure difference monitoring, and high efficiency particulate air filter maintenance, etc. Results 131 of the 340 surveyed hospitals (38.53%) had negative pressure isolation wards. Among the hospitals with negative pressure isolation wards, 114 hospitals had fully equipped buffer rooms, and 9 had partial ones. Among the hospitals with buffer rooms, 104 hospitals (84.55%) conducted differential pressure monitoring between all buffer rooms and wards, 89 hospitals (72.36%) had differential pressure monitoring between all buffer rooms and corridors. Among the 17 hospitals with negative pressure isolation wards without buffer rooms, 11 carried out differential pressure monitoring between all wards and corridors, and the pressure difference values basically met the requirements. Among the 131 hospitals with negative pressure isolation wards, only 76 hospitals (58.02%) met the requirements of buffer rooms establishment, pressure difference monitoring and qualified pressure difference values simultaneously; 66 (50.38%) performed air disinfection with ultraviolet lamps in the negative pressure isolation wards. Conclusion Obvious deficiencies exist in the buffer room configuration, standardization of pressure difference monitoring, and maintenance management of negative pressure isolation wards in some hospitals in China, and the overall compliance rate needs to be improved.

紫外线消毒技术作为一种高效的物理消毒方法，在病原微生物杀灭方面效果显著，但其实际应用效果受多种因素制约。本文系统综述了222 nm远紫外线良好的生物安全特性与杀菌能力，分析了温度、湿度、辐照剂量、微生物种类与数量、载体表面性质及有机物存在等对紫外线消毒效果的影响，并重点探讨了紫外线与乙醇、氯、过氧乙酸、有机酸等化学因子，以及超声、多波长UV-LED等物理因子的协同消毒机制。多项研究表明，协同处理可显著增强微生物杀灭效率、减少消毒剂用量、抑制光复活现象，并有效应对复杂介质中的消毒挑战。最后，本文对222 nm紫外线技术的标准化、协同消毒体系的构建及实际应用前景进行了展望，以期为该技术的研发与优化提供理论依据与实践参考。

Objective To observe of the disinfection effect of four types of disinfectant wipes on the surfaces of different parts of wheelchairs. Methods The surface materials of different contact parts of the wheelchair were divided into uncoated fabric group, coated fabric group, and polyurethane material armrest group. Quantitative bactericidal test method was used to detect the disinfection efficacy of disinfectant wipes,which contain effective chlorine 102 mg/L disinfectant, 75% ethanol, 10 g/L hydrogen peroxide disinfectant, and 4 500 mg/L quaternary ammonium salt disinfectant on surface contaminated bacteria of the materials. Results Four types of disinfectant wipes were used to wipe and disinfect the surfaces of three groups of materials for 5 minutes, and the average killing logarithm of Staphylococcus aureus and Escherichia coli on the surface of the wheelchair was above 3.0. Conclusion The surface of different parts of the wheelchair is wiped and disinfected with four types of disinfectant wipes, and the disinfection requirements can be met after 5 min of contact.

Objective To evaluate the bactericidal efficacy of didecyldimethylammonium bromide applied by different methods on different material carriers, and to provide evidence for choosing disinfectants according to the surface material characteristics in practical disinfection applications. Methods Carrier immersion disinfection tests and carrier spray disinfection tests were conducted to assess the killing effects of didecyldimethylammonium bromide against Staphylococcus aureus and Escherichia coli on stainless steel sheets, cloth sheets, and filter paper sheets. Results Using a 250 mg/Ldidecyldimethylammonium bromide disinfectant solution, immersion for 1.5 min achieved an average killing log value >3.00 for Staphylococcus aureus on stainless steel sheets; immersion for 3 min achieved an average killing log value >3.00 for Staphylococcus aureus on filter paper sheets. Immersion for 3 min resulted in average killing log value >3.00 for Escherichia coli on both stainless steel sheets and filter paper sheets. Using a 500 mg/L didecyldimethylammonium bromide disinfectant solution, spray application for 3 min achieved an average killing log value >3.00 for Staphylococcus aureus on stainless steel sheets; spray application for 6 min achieved an average killing log value >3.00 for Staphylococcus aureus on filter paper sheets; spray application for 3 min achieved an average killing log value >3.00 for Escherichia coli on stainless steel sheets. The average killing log values in all other groups were <3.00. The difference in the killing effect of the disinfectant on the same type of bacteria on three carriers was statistically significant (P<0.05). Conclusion The indicator bacteria of stainless steel sheet can be effectively killed by the immersion method and spray method at the concentration of didecyl dimethyl ammonium bromide in this study. The filter paper sheet needs to be disinfected for a longer time, and the cloth sheet cannot be effectively disinfected.

Objective To assess the current status of disinfection quality in medical institutions of Shaanxi Province, and to provide scientific evidence for improving disinfection practices and healthcare-associated infection prevention and control. Methods A stratified cluster sampling method was adopted to collect samples from 18 community health centers, 32 secondary general hospitals, and 16 tertiary general hospitals in Shaanxi Province. The total bacterial colony count was detected on object surfaces, hygienic hand surfaces, surgical hand surfaces, and medical water. Results A total of 4 938 samples were tested between 2022 and 2024, with an overall disinfection qualification rate of 95.30%. The qualification rates for object surfaces, hygienic hand surfaces, surgical hand surfaces, and medical water were 96.36%, 92.14%, 98.17%, and 92.61%, respectively. Conclusion The overall disinfection qualification rate in medical institutions of Shaanxi Province is satisfactory, but supervision and management in certain weak areas still need to be strengthened.

目的 比较管腔生物过程挑战装置（PCD）与通用生物测试包在过氧化氢低温等离子体灭菌中的监测效果，为选择合适的生物监测方法提供依据。方法 采用管腔生物PCD与通用生物测试包两种方法，于2023年10月—12月对526次过氧化氢低温等离子体灭菌循环的效果进行平行监测。结果 对于非管腔器械灭菌装载，通用生物测试包的监测合格率为99.08%（216/218），管腔生物PCD的监测合格率为98.16%（214/218），两者差异无统计学意义（P>0.05）。对于管腔器械灭菌装载，通用生物测试包的监测合格率为98.70%（304/308），而管腔生物PCD的监测合格率为94.48%（291/308），两者差异具有统计学意义（P<0.01）。结论 在监测过氧化氢等离子体对管腔器械的灭菌效果时，管腔生物PCD较通用生物测试包显示出更高的敏感性。建议将管腔生物PCD作为管腔器械过氧化氢等离子体灭菌生物监测的常规方法。

Objective To observe the influence of different material carriers on the disinfection effect of hydrogen peroxide, and to provide reference for the implementation and evaluation of disinfection effects of hydrogen peroxide on different disinfection objects in practical applications. Methods The carrier immersion quantitative bactericidal test method was used to test the killing effect of hydrogen peroxide on the contaminated microorganisms on the carriers of different materials. Results Using 10 g/L hydrogen peroxide disinfectant to soak three types of carriers contaminated with Escherichia coli, the disinfection effects on cloth sheets and stainless steel sheets were better than that on filter paper sheets (P<0.05); Using 30 g/L hydrogen peroxide disinfectant to soak three types of carriers contaminated with Candida albicans, the disinfection effect on cloth was better than that on stainless steel sheets and filter paper sheets (P<0.05); Using 30 g/L hydrogen peroxide disinfectant to soak three types of carriers contaminated with spores of Bacillus subtilis var. niger for 2 h, the disinfection effect of the stainless steel group was better than that of the cloth group and filter paper group (P<0.05); Using 30 g/L hydrogen peroxide disinfectant to spray three types of carriers contaminated with Escherichia coli, the disinfection effect on stainless steel sheets was better than that of cloth sheets and filter paper sheets (P<0.01); Using 60 g/L hydrogen peroxide disinfectant to spray three types of carriers contaminated with Candida albicans and Bacillus subtilis var. niger spores, the disinfection effect on stainless steel sheets was overall better than that of cloth sheets and filter paper sheets (P<0.01). Conclusion Different material carriers have an impact on the disinfection effect of hydrogen peroxide, and different disinfection methods also have an impact on the disinfection effect of different material carriers. When formulating disinfection plans, implementing disinfection processes, and evaluating disinfection effect, it is necessary to consider the impact of disinfection object materials and disinfection methods on disinfection effect.

Objective To explore the occupational exposure status of staff in central sterile supply department (CSSD), analyze its relationship with risk perception and protective behavior, and to evaluate the effect of systematic intervention strategies. Methods Convenient sampling was used to select 302 CSSD staff from 5 comprehensive hospitals in Beijing from March 2024 to March 2025 as the research subjects. A survey was conducted using general information questionnaires, occupational exposure risk perception scales, and occupational protection knowledge, attitude, and behavior questionnaires. Combined with occupational exposure registration data from January 2022 to January 2024 in the hospital infection real-time monitoring system, single factor analysis, multiple factor logistic regression, and path analysis methods were used to explore the influencing factors of occupational exposure and implement corresponding intervention measures. Results The occupational exposure rate of CSSD staff was 27.8% (84/302). Correlation analysis showed that occupational exposure frequency was significantly negatively correlated with the total score of risk perception (r=-0.612, P<0.001) and protective behavior (r=-0.423, P<0.001), while there was a significant positive correlation between risk perception and protective behavior (r=0.588, P<0.001). Multivariate logistic regression analysis showed that the total scores of risk perception, protective behavior, occupational protection training, and work experience were significant protective factors for occupational exposure (OR>1, P<0.05). The analysis of the mediating effect suggested that occupational exposure not only directly reduced the level of protective behavior, but also indirectly affected protective behavior by reducing risk perception. Risk perception played a partial mediating role between the two, with the mediating effect accounting for 40.6% of the total effect. After intervention, both groups showed significant improvements in risk perception, protective behavior, and satisfaction scores compared to before intervention, with the intervention group showing a more significant increase (P<0.001). Conclusion The incidence of occupational exposure among CSSD workers in this region is relatively high, and the level of risk perception and protective behavior is closely related to occupational exposure. By systematically intervening to enhance risk perception, protective behavior can be effectively improved, occupational exposure risks can be reduced, and it has value for promotion and application.

Objective To evaluate the protective efficacy of commonly used medical protective equipment against pulsed ultraviolet light at (20±0.5) Hz. Methods According to the method of Threshold Values and Biological Contact Index (2021 Edition)，the test protective equipment was placed over the light-receiving surface of the detection probe. The ultraviolet irradiance was measured at distances of 20, 50 and 100 cm from the pulsed ultraviolet disinfection device, and the effective irradiance and the maximum safe exposure time were calculated. Results At distances of 20, 50 and 100 cm from the pulsed ultraviolet disinfection device, four types of white coats can completely block pulsed ultraviolet light. At a distance of 20 cm from the pulsed ultraviolet disinfection device, the penetration rates of pulsed ultraviolet light through protective suits and isolation gowns were 1.25% and 3.75%, respectively. None of the seven key protective items can completely block pulsed ultraviolet light. At a distance of 50 cm from the pulsed ultraviolet disinfection device, N95 masks, disposable medical gloves, and curtains could completely blockpulsed ultraviolet light. At a distance of 100 cm from the pulsed ultraviolet disinfection device, N95 masks, surgical masks, boot covers, disposable medical gloves, and curtains could completely block pulsed ultraviolet light. Conclusion In practical applications, protective equipment can be correctly selected based on the penetration rate and the longest exposure time of pulsed ultraviolet light for different materials.

Objective To investigate the efficacy of hydrogen peroxide spray, peracetic acid spray, and ultraviolet (UV) germicidal lamp irradiation in removing nucleic acids from MS2 bacteriophage-contaminated aerosols. Methods Bacteriophage aerosols (10¹⁰ PFU/mL) were sprayed at 100 mL into each of five 60 m³ laboratory chambers. Disinfection was performed by spraying with 30 g/L hydrogen peroxide, 5 g/L peracetic acid, or by irradiation using 60, 90, and 120 W UV germicidal lamps. The copy number of the MS2 bacteriophage lysis protein gene was quantified via quantitative RT-PCR to compare the nucleic acid clearance efficacy of the different disinfection methods. Results The average copy numbers of the MS2 gene in the 30 g/L hydrogen peroxide group and the 5 g/L peracetic acid group were lower than that in the positive control group, measuring 1.49×10⁹, 9.85×10⁷ and 8.14×10¹¹, respectively (F=217.396, P < 0.05). The 120 W UV lamp demonstrated the best nucleic acid clearance efficacy, with an average copy number of 7.26×10⁸, which was significantly lower than the control group's 8.14×10¹¹ (F=217.396, P < 0.05). The 120 W UV lamp achieved a nucleic acid clearance rate of 99.91%, higher than that of the 60 W and 90 W lamps, although residual nucleic acids were still detected. Conclusion Hydrogen peroxide, peracetic acid, and UV germicidal lamps exhibit a certain degree of efficacy in removing nucleic acids from highly concentrated aerosol contamination, but cannot achieve complete clearance.

Objective To investigate the current status of the processing of ophthalmic surgical instruments in hospitals across the country, and to provide data support for improving the cleaning, disinfection, sterilization, and reprocessing procedure of ophthalmic instruments. Methods An online questionnaire survey was conducted to investigate the current status of ophthalmic surgical instrument processing in 495 hospitals of different levels in 29 provinces, municipalities, and autonomous regions across the country. Results A total of 495 questionnaires were distributed and 492 valid questionnaires were collected. 24.59% of hospital CSSDs had not undertaken the processing of ophthalmic surgical instruments; 47.59% and 33.13% of hospitals did not have dedicated cleaning personnel and assembly and packaging personnel; 69.37% of hospitals had not established dedicated cleaning areas for ophthalmic instruments and had not separated them from regular instruments for processing; 75.68% of hospital CSSDs were not equipped with specialized ophthalmic instrument cleaning equipment and tools; 38.14% of hospitals provided specialized instrument boxes and protective pads during packaging; 22.29% of hospitals did not have dedicated personnel responsible for cleaning quality inspection and evaluation, and 36.04% of hospitals did not implement quality traceability management for sterile items. Conclusion There are many aspects in the current procedure of ophthalmic surgical instrument processing in hospitals that need to be standardized and strengthened. It is recommended to establish and standardize the centralized processing process for ophthalmic surgical instruments, set up dedicated personnel and posts, equip dedicated cleaning areas, equipment and tools, and establish a full process quality control system to clarify quality inspection and supervision responsibilities, in order to ensure the effective cleaning, disinfection and sterilization of ophthalmic surgical instruments, reduce instrument wear and clinical infection risks, and improve disinfection and sterilization quality.

目的 探讨集中管理模式下纤维支气管镜（以下简称纤支镜）清洗消毒标准作业程序（SOP）的应用效果，以提升再处理质量、降低医院感染风险。方法 于2023年6—11月和2024年3—8月分别随机选取某医院使用后的120条纤支镜，作为对照组和观察组，分别应用常规方法和SOP进行清洗、消毒和干燥，比较2组处理质量；对采用2种方法的22名操作人员进行理论与实践考核，并每月调查临床医务人员使用满意度。结果 观察组纤支镜清洗、干燥合格率均高于对照组（96.67％ vs 84.17％，97.50％ vs 81.67％；P<0.05），2组消毒合格率差异无统计学意义（100.00％ vs 98.33％；P=0.478）。操作人员应用SOP后理论与实践考核合格率均高于对照组（86.36％ vs 27.27％，100.00％ vs 36.36％；P<0.05）。医务人员对应用SOP处理的纤支镜使用满意度评分也较高（95.08±2.53 vs 89.52±6.37；t=6.762，P<0.001）。结论 实施纤支镜清洗消毒SOP可有效提升纤支镜清洗和干燥质量、操作人员理论与实践考核合格率以及临床医务人员使用满意度。

养老机构在我国养老体系中发挥了重要作用，其卫生质量水平与老年人的健康息息相关。养老机构人员聚集，是感染性腹泻、呼吸道疾病传播的高风险场所。老年人免疫力相对较低，基础疾病较多，感染后通常预后较差，且一旦有疾病发生，很容易引起群体暴发流行。因此，控制养老机构卫生质量，及时切断病原体的传播，对保障老年人的健康具有积极意义。本文对我国养老机构的消毒质量监测工作和消毒技术应用现状进行综述，分析存在的问题，探讨提高管理质量的应对策略，为养老机构的持续健康发展提供参考依据。

微波消毒技术作为一种非焚烧式物理消毒技术，因其消毒效果良好、设备紧凑、节能环保、操作灵活等特点，在消毒杀菌领域受到越来越多的关注。本文总结了该技术的消毒原理、影响因素和主要应用，并分析了未来研究热点及发展趋势，以期为促进微波消毒技术的发展，以及满足不同场景下的消毒需求提供理论与实践参考。

Objective To observe the disinfection effect of hydrogen peroxide aerosol spray method on the surface of objects. Methods Simulated field and on-site disinfection test methods were used to observe and evaluate the effect of hydrogen peroxide aerosol spray disinfection on the surface of objects. Results The natural bacterial method was used to evaluate the disinfection effect on the surface of non-woven objects, and it could achieve the disinfection effect; but it could not achieve the disinfection effect when evaluating the surface of fabric type objects; The use of indicator microbial method to evaluate the disinfection effect of space disinfection on the surface of objects could not achieve the disinfection effect. Conclusion Under the conditions of this experiment, using 10~30 g/L hydrogen peroxide aerosol spray for space disinfection cannot ensure the disinfection effect on the surface of objects.

Objective To evaluate and investigate the applicability of filtration efficiency indicators in medical mask standards, so as to provide a reference for the revision of these standards. Methods Data on particulate filtration efficiency (PFE) and bacterial filtration efficiency (BFE) from 153 batches of medical surgical masks collected from an institution between 2020 and 2023 were analyzed. A segmentation method was used to examine patterns of BFE and PFE values across different ranges, and Pearson correlation analysis was applied to study the relationship between the two indicators. Results A positive correlation was observed between BFE and PFE in medical surgical masks（R=0.806）. When PFE exceeded 80%, all masks demonstrated a BFE of≥95%. For masks with PFE between 30% and 79%, approximately 38% achieved a BFE of 95% or higher. In cases where PFE was below 30%, all BFE test results were less than 95%. Conclusion In emergency inspections and rapid screening, PFE testing can be used to evaluate the quality of medical masks. It is recommended that the Disposable Medical Mask standard include testing for bacterial filtration efficiency.

Objective To investigate the current status of phacoemulsification handle reprocessing in domestic hospitals, and to identify major issues in the reprocessing procedure, so as to provide scientific evidence for improving the quality of phacoemulsification handle reprocessing. Methods A Delphi method was used to construct a survey questionnaire, and three rounds of expert consultation were conducted to form the final version of the questionnaire. Using stratified sampling, 64 hospitals were selected from 18 provinces (cities) in six major geographical regions of China, and a questionnaire survey was conducted on the current status of phacoemulsification handle reprocessing in these hospitals. Results 11 hospitals (17.19%) did not preprocess the ultrasonic emulsification handpiece; 19 hospitals (29.69%) and 12 hospitals (18.75%) chose tap water and saline solution as preprocessing fluids, respectively. Only Twenty-nine hospitals disassembled the ultrasonic emulsification handpiece before cleaning as required; thirty-nine hospitals (60.94%) used cleaning agents; and only forty-one hospitals (64.06%) used purified water or distilled water throughout the entire cleaning process. Twelve hospitals (18.75%) did not disinfect the ultrasonic emulsification handpiece. Only thirty-four hospitals (53.13%) used a pressure air gun during the drying process. And only eight hospitals (12.50%) placed the ultrasonic emulsification handpiece lumen vertically in the sterilizer during the sterilization process. Conclusion There are many irregularities in the reprocessing procedures of ultrasonic emulsification handpieces in domestic hospitals. Relevant management departments should take improvement measures based on the identified issues to reduce the risk of infection in intraocular surgery.

Objective To determine the disinfection-related optical characteristics of 222 nm KrCl excimer lamp produced by different manufacturers to evaluate their practical application efficacy. Methods Four 222 nm KrCl excimer lamps from different brands were selected. Spectra of both unfiltered light sources and filtered light sources were measured, along with irradiance levels recorded every 0.5 h during operation durations ≤8 h. Spectral peak shifts, stray bands, and half-bandwidths were compared, and the impact of filters on light source irradiance was analyzed. Results All four unfiltered sources exhibited a minor peak in the 250-260 nm band and noise bands in the 230-240 nm range. Irradiance showed significant variation within the initial 0.5 h, followed by slight increases or decreases over extended operation, with a maximum decline of ≤10%. After filtering, the irradiance loss rate for the four light sources ranged from 30% to 54%. Light source A showed no significant irradiance decay after filtering. Light sources B and C exhibited initial decay within the first 0.5 h but maintained relatively stable irradiance thereafter. Light source D demonstrated a lower decay rate than the unfiltered source during the first 3 h of operation, followed by a rapid decline thereafter. Conclusion When selecting a 222 nm ultraviolet excimer light source for disinfection, products equipped with filters capable of removing stray bands should be prioritized. Additionally, the operating time should be adjusted to minimize light source irradiance loss and ensure disinfection efficacy.

Objective To investigate the terminal disinfection effect of biosafety level 3 laboratory for Mycobacterium tuberculosis, and to provide reference for the optimization of terminal disinfection methods in P3 laboratory. Methods The carrier qualitative bactericidal test method was used to observe the terminal disinfection effect of a P3 level biosafety laboratory. Results Uunder the steam fumigation condition of 12.8 g/m³ hydrogen peroxide in the laboratory space using a vaporized hydrogen peroxide disinfection machine, the culture results of the test bacteria control, indicator bacteria, and test bacteria in the operating environment at 25 distribution points in the laboratory were all sterile growth, while the positive control group had bacterial growth in all cultures. Conclusion Under the conditions of this experiment, the use of a vaporized hydrogen peroxide disinfection machine meets the requirements for terminal disinfection of environmental equipment and space in a P3 level biosafety laboratory.

Objective To understand the contamination status of three key organic by-products in drinking water in Qiqihar urban area, and to provide scientific basis for ensuring the hygiene and safety of drinking water. Methods Headspace gas chromatography (HS-GC) was used to detect the levels of trichloromethane, trichloroacetaldehyde, and carbon tetrachloride in drinking water in the urban area. Results The three-year monitoring data showed that the detection rates of trichloromethane, trichloroacetaldehyde, and carbon tetrachloride in drinking water were 47.33%, 9.67%, and 0.00%, respectively, and all detection values were within the qualified range. The detection rates of trichloromethane and trichloroacetaldehyde showed a fluctuating upward trend between different years. The detection rate of trichloromethane during the dry season was higher than that during the wet season, but its concentration distribution characteristics showed that the average concentration during the dry season was lower than that during the wet season. The detection rate of trichloroacetaldehyde was generally low during the dry season. The maximum detection value of trichloromethane was 57 μg/L, which was close to the standard limit. Conclusion The content of three organic by-products in drinking water in Qiqihar city does not exceed the standard, and the HS-GC method established is suitable for promotion and application. Water quality monitoring and supervision work should be continuously strengthened.

目的 观察络合氯消毒湿巾对铜刮痧板的消毒效果及腐蚀性，为临床选择适宜的消毒方法提供依据。方法 选取2023年8—10月临床使用后的铜刮痧板60件，随机分为观察组和对照组，每组30件。观察组采用络合氯消毒湿巾擦拭消毒，对照组采用2 000 mg/L含氯消毒剂浸泡消毒。比较2组消毒后的细菌杀灭效果、对刮痧板的腐蚀性、器械周转率及医务人员满意度。结果 2组消毒后刮痧板表面细菌菌落数均符合2012年版《医疗机构消毒技术规范》要求（<10 cfu/cm²），合格率均为100%。观察组擦拭消毒5 min可达高水平消毒效果，连续使用90 d后刮痧板表面光洁无腐蚀；对照组需浸泡30 min，刮痧板表面出现绿色铜锈，其中13件出现明显凹槽腐蚀。观察组刮痧板日周转率（7次/板）显著高于对照组（3次/板），医务人员满意度（96.0%）亦显著高于对照组（30.2%），差异均有统计学意义（P<0.05）。结论 络合氯消毒湿巾对铜刮痧板消毒效果可靠，无腐蚀性，操作简便，可提高器械周转率和医务人员工作效率，是一种理想的消毒方法。

Objective To study the application parameters of γ-ray irradiation technology in food microbiological control, for providing reference for related process optimization and food microbiological contamination control. Methods The inactivation of microorganisms by γ-ray irradiation was evaluated in three types of typical food: drinking water (liquid), fresh tofu (semi-solid) and frozen chicken (frozen/solid), combined with three types of common packaging materials: kraft paper carton, metal aluminum can and polyethylene terephthalate (PET) plastic can. Bacterial quantitation detection was used, and Escherichia coli, vancomycin-resistant Enterococcus faecalis, Coxsackievirus B3 and MS2 bacteriophage were used as indicator microorganisms. Results A γ-ray irradiation dose of 5 kGy achieved a bacterial log reduction of >6.0, whereas a dose of 10 kGy resulted in log reductions of >7.0 for bacteriophage MS2 and >5.0 for Coxsackievirus B3, respectively. A γ-ray irradiation dose of 5 kGy achieved a bacterial log reduction of >6.0, whereas a dose of 10 kGy resulted in log reductions of >7.0 for bacteriophage MS2 and >5.0 for Coxsackievirus B3, respectively. The γ-ray irradiation dose required to achieve a bacterial log reduction >6.0 in frozen chicken was 5 kGy, which was higher than that for drinking water (2.5 kGy) and fresh tofu (2.5 kGy). There was no statistically significant difference in the log reduction of microbial contamination by γ-ray on different food packaging materials (P>0.05). Conclusion The γ-ray radiation disinfection method requires a radiation dose of 10 kGy to completely inactivate microorganisms in different states and packaging of food. Different packaging materials have no significant effect on the radiation disinfection effect.

Objective To evaluate the disinfection effect of a bromine-containing disinfectant and its application performance in the disinfection of toothpaste production equipment, and to explore the feasibility of replacing chlorine dioxide effervescent tablets for the disinfection of hygiene care product production equipment. Methods The bacteriostatic and bactericidal effects of bromine-containing disinfectant and chlorine dioxide effervescent tablets were tested by quantitative bacteriostatic and bactericidal tests. The application performance of the two disinfectants was evaluated by residual test, metal corrosion test and on-site disinfection test. Results The growth of Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Enterobacter cloacae and Bacillus spp was effectively inhibited by the disinfectant containing bromine or chlorine dioxide with an effective concentration of 100 mg/L for 5 and 10 min respectively. The killing log value of bromine-containing disinfectant on Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Enterobacter cloacae was more than 6, when acting at the same concentration for 5 min. After disinfection with a bromine-containing disinfectant, the equipment was rinsed twice with purified water, and no residual disinfectant was detected on the production equipment. Soaking at 300 mg/L for 7 d did not cause significant corrosion on the metal materials of the equipment. After disinfecting the two devices with the disinfectant at a concentration of 100 mg/L, the effective disinfection rates were 97.92% and 88.89%, respectively, which were higher than that of chlorine dioxide (68.18% and 82.35%). Conclusion The disinfectant with bromine concentration of ≥100 mg/L has good bacteriostatic and bactericidal effects, and its on-site application performance is better than that of chlorine dioxide effervescent tablets.

Objective To explore the removal effect of a new type of biofilm cleaning agent on artificial Pseudomonas aeruginosa biofilms and to provide a reference for establishing a biofilm removal method for flexible endoscopes. Methods Simulated endoscope models and flexible endoscope samples with biofilms were used as test objects. The manual cleaning tank and automatic perfusion pump cleaning method for flexible endoscopes was adopted. The experimental groupused the new biofilm cleaning agent, while the control groupused the multi-enzyme cleaning agent. The biofilm removal ability of the two cleaning agents on the simulated models and flexible endoscopes was evaluated through bacterial count and ATP bioluminescence detection. Results Compared with the multi-enzyme cleaning agent group, the biofilm removal rates in the new biofilm cleaning agent group detected by bacterial culture method and ATP bioluminescence method were significantly increased (P < 0.05), which were 50.68% vs 99.95% and 53.93% vs 99.65%, respectively. Conclusion The new biofilm cleaning agent is significantly superior to the conventional multi-enzyme cleaning agent in reducing the number of bacteria and removing the structural integrity of biofilms.

Objective To conduct an analysis of the occupational exposure characteristics and risk factors among dental staff, thereby providing references and a theoretical basis for enhancing occupational exposure management. Methods The occupational exposure data of staff in a tertiary stomatological hospital from January 1, 2017 to December 31, 2023 were retrospectively analyzed in terms of basic information, exposure time, exposure links, exposure sites, exposure sources, and follow-up reviews. Results From 2017 to 2023, a total of 69 cases of occupational exposure occurred,the majority of exposed dental staff were female, doctors and working years≤ 2 years. The exposed departments were mainly the maxillofacial surgery outpatient department (20.29%). January (18.84%) was the month with the highest occurrence of occupational exposure. The main cause of exposure was careless operation (86.96%). Most occur when handling instruments or cleaning instruments after diagnosis and treatment (62.32%). The main exposure mode was sharp instrument injury (94.20%), and the needle (44.93%) was the main instrument causing sharp instrument injury. The hand (89.85%) was the most exposed site. The unknown exposure source accounted for the highest proportion of 94.20%. The standard treatment rate after occupational exposure was 95.65%, the timely reporting rate was 88.41%, and the follow-up review rate was 26.09%. No individuals had been identified as being infected with blood-borne pathogens as a result of occupational exposure. Conclusion The risk factors of occupational exposure among dental staff include female, doctors, working years≤2 years, maxillofacial surgery outpatient department, sharp instrument injury, and handling or cleaning instruments after diagnosis and treatment, etc. Moreover, the awareness of follow-up and re-examination after exposure is relatively weak.

Objective To investigate the simultaneous determination of five disinfection byproducts (DBPs) and other substances in drinking water using ion chromatography. Methods An ion chromatography method was employed with a KOH eluent online generation system to achieve multi-step gradient elution ( 5 - 60 mmol/L). A high-capacity and high-efficiency IonPac AS20 column (4 mm×250 mm) was selected for separation. Water samples were filtered through a 0.22 $\mu$m membrane before analysis. An inhibitory conductivity detector was applied to simultaneously determine five DBPs (ClO₂^-, BrO₃^-, DCAA, ClO₃^-, TCAA), perchlorate (ClO₄^-), and nine other ions or compounds (F^-, Cl^-, NO₂^-, NO₃^-, SO₄^2-, CrO₄^2-, 2,4-D, glyphosate, bentazone) in drinking water to evaluate their effectiveness. Results An Ion Chromatography method was established, and parameters including flow rate, column temperature, eluent gradient and detector temperature were optimized. The 15 target analytes exhibited good linearity within their respective concentration ranges, with correlation coefficients of 0.999 4 - 0.999 9. The method demonstrated limits of detection (LOD) of 0.106 - 1.490 $\mu$g/L, and limits of quantification (LOQ) of 0.353 - 4.967 $\mu$g/L. The spiked recoveries were in the range of 95.65% to 104.1%, with relative standard deviations of 0.13% - 3.91%. Conclusion The Ion Chromatography method established in this study is rapid, simple to operate, and exhibits high accuracy and stability. It enables the simultaneous analysis of 15 target compounds with just a single injection, making it suitable for high-throughput, multi-component analysis of drinking water in basic-level laboratories.

Objective To investigate the disinfection eff icacy of 300 g/L hydrogen peroxide at different dosages and under various environmental humidity conditions on the chamber and the rear side of the exhaust high-eff iciency f ilter of type A2 biosafety cabinets, and to determine the optimal application conditions. Methods Geobacillus stearothermophilus spore strips and hydrogen peroxide color-change indicator cards were placed at 8 corners of the cabinet’s operating chamber and 5 points on the rear side of the exhaust high-eff iciency f ilter. After sealing, the cabinet was connected to an MZ-V200 vaporized hydrogen peroxide generator. Four dosage gradients (80, 100, 120, 140 mL) and six initial relative humidity gradients (50.0％ - 99.9％) were set. Disinfection eff icacy was assessed by spore strip culture combined with indicator card color change. Results At a dosage of 120 mL and environmental relative humidity ≤70％, a 65 min vaporization cycle disinfection completely inactivated indicator microorganisms inside the cabinet and on the rear side of the f ilter, with a 100％ pass rate. When humidity exceeded 70％, the number of positive spore strips on the rear side of the f ilter increased progressively, and the pass rate dropped to 66.7％. In the low-dosage groups (80, 100 mL), only chamber disinfection was qualif ied, while the qualif ication rates on the rear side of the f ilter were 79.5％ and 84.6％, respectively. Conclusion Hydrogen peroxide dosage and environmental humidity are key factors for disinfection. High humidity impedes disinfectant penetration through the f ilter. The optimal conditions are a dosage of 120 mL and environmental relative humidity of ≤70％.

目的 评价某医院实施手卫生综合干预措施，对提高医务人员手卫生依从性的效果。方法 使用医院感染控制调查软件记录医务人员在接触患者前、无菌操作前、接触体液后、接触患者后和接触环境后应执行和实际执行的手卫生次数、手卫生方式和干手方式。比较采取制订手卫生持续改进方案、修订手卫生相关制度规程、完善和优化考核机制、开展手卫生培训、优化手卫生设施设备、营造手卫生氛围以及运用PDSA持续改进等综合干预措施前后半年内医务人员的手卫生依从率，评价干预效果。结果 干预后医务人员的手卫生依从率高于干预前（77.17% vs 59.79%；$\chi$²=77.125，P<0.001）。医生、护士和医辅人员手卫生依从率干预后均高于干预前（P<0.05）；但干预后医辅人员手卫生依从率仍然相对较低（59.06%）。在接触患者前后、无菌操作前和接触环境后，干预后的医务人员手卫生依从率均高于干预前（P<0.05）。结论 采取综合干预措施可有效提高医务人员手卫生依从率，医院仍需加强对医辅人员手卫生依从性的监督与培训。

Objective To investigate the current status of multidrug-resistant organism (MDRO) infections in a general hospital and to establish a time series model to forecast the incidence trends of MDRO-associated nosocomial infections. Methods Using retrospective investigation and statistical analysis methods, MDRO infection data among hospitalized patients in a hospital from 2010 to 2023 was conducted. The optimal time series prediction model for hospital MDRO infection was established. The prediction effect of MDRO infection data from January to June 2024 was validated. Results A total of 342 069 hospitalized patients were surveyed, among whom 2 198 cases had MDRO infections with an average prevalence rate of 0.64%. 382 cases of MDRO hospital-acquired infections, representing incidence nosocomial infection rate of 0.11%. The in-hospital prevalence rate of MDRO showed a increasing trend from 2010 to 2023 ($\chi$²_趋势=44.891, P<0.001). The MDRO nosocomial infection department primarily involved the intensive care unit (51.57%) and neurosurgery (11.26%). The most common infection sites were the respiratory system (71.47%) and urinary tract (18.06%). The predominant pathogens were Acinetobacter baumannii (46.60%), Escherichia coli (16.23%), and Staphylococcus aureus (15.18%). The ARIMA (2,0,2)(0,0,1) model demonstrated the best predictive performance for MDRO-associated nosocomial infection incidence rates, achieving a stable coefficient of determination (R²) of 0.746.The application of this model predicted the prevalence of MDRO hospital-acquired infections in the first half of 2024, and the predicted values were within the 95% confidence interval of the actual values. Conclusion Hospitals should strengthen the monitoring of MDRO infections and analyze infection rate trends in key departments and critical areas. The ARIMA(2,0,2)(0,0,1) model has demonstrated strong short-term predictive performance for MDRO-associated nosocomial infections.

Objective To investigate the microbial contamination status of ready-to-eat non-fermented soybean products from different retail outlets and in both bulk and pre-packaged forms in Tongzhou District, Beijing, and to analyze the distribution characteristics of disinfectant resistance genes carried by foodborne pathogens, so as to provide scientific evidence for regional food safety risk assessment and optimization of disinfection strategies. Methods From 2020 to 2023, a total of 296 samples of ready-to-eat non-fermented soybean products were collected from the district. Microbial contamination was detected according to the GB 4789—2016 series of standards, and whole-genome sequencing was performed on the isolated pathogenic bacteria. Disinfectant resistance-related genes were analyzed with reference to the CARD database. Results From 2020 to 2023, the overall qualification rate of microbial indicators showed an upward trend, while the detection rate of pathogenic bacteria showed a downward trend (P<0.05). The qualification rates for total bacterial count and coliforms were significantly higher in pre-pack aged samples than in bulk samples (P<0.05), as well as the detection rate of pathogenic bacteria was lower in pre-pack aged samples than in bulk samples (P<0.05). Among different retail outlets, online stores had the highest qualification rates for microbial indicators (total bacterial count qualification rate 82.35%; pathogenic bacteria detection rate 1.18%), while farmers’ markets had the lowest (total bacterial count qualification rate: 24.27%; pathogenic bacteria detection rate: 11.65%). A total of 19 pathogenic strains were isolated, and sequencing analysis revealed the presence of specific disinfectant resistance genes (qacL), multidrug efflux pump gene clusters (acrAB-tolC), and adaptive regulatory genes (marA, ramA). Conclusion The safety risks of ready-to-eat non-fermented soybean products in Tongzhou District are concentrated in farmers’ markets and bulk products. Pathogenic bacteria carry multiple disinfectant resistance genes, highlingting the need for enhanced targeted supervision.

目的 探讨不同稀释比水溶性润滑剂在使用中的染菌情况、器械保养效果及清洁卫生水平。方法 将水溶性润滑剂按1:12、1:24和1:48稀释，各稀释比润滑剂每天浸泡60件硬式内镜器械，于2、5、8、11月份取使用中润滑剂进行细菌培养，连续取样20 d，每组浸泡器械1 200件，4组合计4 800件。比较3组润滑剂细菌培养情况、器械润滑保养效果、润滑剂清洁卫生水平及耗材花费。结果 各稀释比润滑剂在2月份最短12 d培养出细菌，在5、8和11月最短第10 d培养出细菌；3组器械光滑度合格率为99.96%~100%，灵活度合格率均为100%；3组使用中润滑剂清洁卫生水平合格，RLU值均<l50；使用1:48浓度配比润滑剂一年可节约69 300元。结论 稀释润滑剂使用10 d内安全，可降低医院耗材成本。