消毒供应中心（CSSD）的器械清洗是保障医疗安全的关键环节。本文综述了影响 CSSD 器械清洗质量的主要因素，涵盖人为因素、器械因素、环节因素和管理因素，并从实践层面、培训层面和管理层面进一步探讨了提升清洗质量的干预策略，但复杂器械的清洗、新技术的普及应用以及确保各项标准和指南的严格执行仍面临挑战，未来研究需聚焦于新型复杂器械的清洗方案、干预措施的成本效益分析以及促进指南有效转化和持续改进的策略，以期不断提升 CSSD 器械清洗质量，最大限度地降低医院相关感染风险，保障患者安全。

Objective To study the influencing factors of intracranial infection in patients after neuronavigation-assisted puncture drainage for intracerebral hemorrhage, and to provide the prevention and control of postoperative infection. Methods The clinical data and laboratory etiological examination data of patients with intracranial infection after neuronavigation-assisted puncture drainage for spontaneous intracerebral hemorrhage in a hospital were investigated retrospectively. Univariate and multivariate logistic regression analysis were used to analyze the influencing factors of intracranial infection. Results A total of 145 patients undergoing hematoma puncture and drainage were enrolled in this study. Postoperatively, intracranial infection occurred in 36 cases, with an infection rate of 24.8%. Among these infected patients, 5 strains of pathogenic bacteria were identified in cerebrospinal fluid, including 4 Gram-positive strains and 1 Gram-negative strain. Multivariate analysis indicated that preoperative GCS score≤8, no preoperative administration of antibiotics, and drainage tube indwelling time≥3 d were independent risk factors for intracranial infection following neuronavigation-assisted hematoma puncture and drainage. Conclusion The incidence of intracranial infection in patients undergoing intracerebral hematoma drainage in this hospital is relatively high. Patients with preoperative coma, no antibiotics, and drainage tube indwelling time ≥3 d are at high risk for intracranial infections, and the perioperative management of such patients should be strengthened.

Objective To investigate the in vitro antimicrobial activity of antimicrobial peptide RP557 and its mechanism, and to evaluate its safety. Methods The minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) of RP557 against various clinical isolates was determined using the microdilution broth method. The bactericidal mechanism of RP557 against Gram-negative bacteria was analyzed through time-kill assays, biofilm inhibition, outer and inner membrane disruption, and ion leakage detection. The safety of RP557 at the animal level was assessed through histopathological examination and hepatic and renal function tests. Results MIC values of RP557 were≤32 µg/mL against multidrug-resistant and hypervirulent Gram-negative and Gram-positive clinical isolates. Biofilm formation could be completely inhibited at 1×MIC. Treatment with 2×MIC induced a 1.5-fold increase in outer membrane disruption, 10-fold increase in inner membrane damage, and significant Na⁺/K⁺ leakage. No significant differences in hepatic/renal function indices or lung histopathology scores were observed in mice after 400 µg/mL aerosol exposure compared to controls. Conclusion RP557 induces bacterial death through a dual-membrane disruption mechanism. At certain exposure doses, it shows no toxic side effects, highlighting its potential as a novel bactericidal agent.

Objective To evaluate the dynamic disinfection efficacy of a 222 nm ultraviolet (UV) sterilizer on high-frequency contact surfaces and airborne bacteria in a respiratory intensive care unit (RICU). Methods Seven isolated rooms within the RICU of a tertiary hospital in Zhejiang, China, were selected. Rooms were assigned to either a control group (Room 2, 4, 6) receiving routine cleaning and ventilation, or an intervention group (Room 1, 3, 5, 7) receiving additional disinfection using a 222 nm UV sterilizer. Environmental samples were collected continuously for 3 days, with air and surface samples taken every 2 hours from 8:00 to 16:00 daily, totaling 1 050 samples. Bacterial colony counts and detection rates of Acinetobacter baumannii (AB) and Klebsiella pneumoniae (KP) were measured. Results The intervention group showed significantly lower mean colony counts on both surfaces and in air samples compared to the control group (P<0.05). Surface bacterial load was reduced from (161.63±464.17) cfu/cm² to (54.64±220.59) cfu/cm², while airborne bacterial load decreased from (215.14±303.88) cfu/m² to (150.65±106.52) cfu/m². The detection rates of AB and KP also decreased significantly in both surface and air samples. Conclusion The 222 nm ultraviolet sterilizer demonstrates significant disinfecting efficacy in the RICU environment. It effectively reduces microbial contamination on surfaces and in the air. Notably, it exhibits more stable and sustained efficacy for air disinfection. This device serves as a robust supplementary measure to routine disinfection protocols.

近年来，通过空气传播的各类新发传染病频繁发生，使得空气消毒技术也备受关注；空气消毒技术是利用不同方法对空气中的微生物、病毒和有害气体进行消毒和净化的技术。随着空气消毒技术的迅速发展，紫外线消毒技术由于其高效、安全的特点，成为当前研究和应用的热点，此外，等离子体消毒技术凭借其广谱杀菌能力和持续消毒效果，也逐渐受到关注；与此同时，传统的化学消毒方法在特定环境下仍具有一定的应用价值。本文以空气消毒技术为主题，介绍了各种技术的基本原理，并梳理了其研究脉络，详细叙述了空气消毒技术的研究现状和进展，分析讨论了应用场景和实用性前景，探讨空气消毒技术的发展趋势。

Objective To study the disinfection efficacy of 9 chemical disinfectants on bacteria isolated from clean areas and to provide a reference for effective disinfection in clean areas. Methods The suspension quantitative bactericidal test was adopted. Three concentrations of high, medium and low were selected to observe the bactericidal effects of nine common disinfectants on six types of bacterial vegetative cells such as Staphylococcus epidermidis and three types of bacterial spores such as Bacillus cereus spores. Results Effective disinfection of six types of bacterial vegetative cells was achieved by treating with 500 mg/L didecyldimethylammonium chloride or 600 mg/L sodium hypochlorite for 2 min. Effective disinfection of Bacillus cereus spores was achieved by treating with a combination of 55 g/L hydrogen peroxide and 800 mg/L peracetic acid and 5 g/L didecyldimethylammonium chloride acting for 30 min. Effective disinfection of Bacillus subtilis spores was achieved by using a complex of 1 500 mg/L benzalkonium chloride and 150 mg/L polyhexamethylene biguanide hydrochloride for 3 min. Effective disinfection of Bacillus licheniformis spores was achieved by treating with 2 g/L benzalkonium bromide for 2 min. Conclusion The nine types of chemical disinfectants can effectively kill the selected experimental microorganisms, and the concentration and duration of action are verified to ensure the expected disinfection effect.

随着临床诊疗技术的不断更新，临床科室使用的医疗器械种类多种多样。各类待灭菌物品的材质、性能对于灭菌技术有不同要求。根据适应性的不同，以温度为基础的灭菌技术分为低温和高温2大类。在实际应用中，如何保障灭菌质量是重中之重。生物监测是灭菌保障和风险控制的金标准，其关键评价指标是生物指示物的抗力，生物监测出现的阳性结果不能全部归为灭菌失败。目前灭菌操作规范中对于生物监测阳性原因分析及对策还未形成统一的标准。本文以万方医学网、中国知网、Pubmed、Science Direct、DOAJ等国内外数据库检索生物监测阳性案例，旨在探讨消毒供应中心高、低温灭菌生物监测阳性原因和相应对策，以期为灭菌质量的科学监测和质量循证提供参考。

耳念珠菌是一种新型真菌病原菌，可引起严重的感染，死亡率高。耳念珠菌环境抵抗力强，可在患者皮肤和环境中长期定植，不易鉴别且具有多药耐药的特点，易造成医院感染暴发，因此对耳念珠菌的感染控制至关重要。本文综述了国内外针对耳念珠菌的感染控制方法、消毒措施和常用消毒剂，为完善耳念珠菌医院感染控制措施以及制订相关消毒标准提供参考。

Objective To investigate the physicochemical properties of a novel compound potassium monopersulfate disinfectant and to provide references for its disinfection applications. Methods Physicochemical testing techniques were used to investigate and observe the relevant physicochemical properties of this novel disinfectant containing potassium monopersulfate compound salt, including the effective component content, pH, and metal corrosivity. Results The novel compound potassium monopersulfate disinfectant was a white powder with an active oxygen content of 2.87%. After preparing a disinfectant solution with a concentration of 1 000 mg/L and leaving it for 1 h, the active oxygen content reached a peak of 49.7 mg/L; within 3 days, the active oxygen content could be maintained at over 90% of the initial concentration. The pH range of the disinfectant solution with a concentration of 1 000-6 000 mg/L was 2.43-3.00. 3 types of disinfectants showed moderate corrosion to aluminum, carbon steel, and copper wafers, but had essentially no corrosion to stainless steel wafers. Conclusion The compound potassium monopersulfate disinfectant shows stable physicochemical properties. The decrease in effective components in the solution is related to its preparation concentration and storage time, and it exhibits corrosivity to metals.

Objective To observe the killing and bacteriostatic effects of compound Atractylodes lancea oil on natural bacteria in indoor air, and to explore human sensory acceptability of its odor, so as to providing a basis for the application feasibility of compound Atractylodes lancea oil as an air fumigant. Methods The plate sedimentation method and bacterial culture were used to determine the killing and bacteriostatic effects of the compound oil on natural bacteria in indoor air, with conventional ultraviolet disinfection as the control. Meanwhile, the 9-point hedonic scale was adopted to evaluate human acceptability of the odor. Results The compound preparation formulated with plant essential oils such as Atractylodes lancea, mugwort leaf, and wild chrysanthemum achieved a killing rate of 78.4%-79.5% against natural bacteria in indoor air after 60 min of natural volatilization. 6 h after stopping volatilization, the bacteriostatic rate remained at 62.0%-67.0%. For the control group, conventional ultraviolet irradiation for 60 min resulted in a killing rate of 79.3% against natural bacteria in indoor air, and the bacteriostatic rate was maintained at 58.1% 6 h after irradiation cessation. Among different formulations of compound Atractylodes lancea oil used for indoor air treatment, the blend of Atractylodes lancea oil, wild chrysanthemum oil, and rose oil showed the highest odor acceptability among 50 subjects. Conclusion The compound Atractylodes lancea oil exhibits certain killing and bacteriostatic effects on indoor air bacteria, and can be used for indoor air disinfection and odor treatment.

Objective To test in vitro and field bactericidal efficacy of normal temperature and low temperature formulations of potassium monopersulfate composite salt disinfectant against bacterial vegetative cells, and to evaluate their disinfection performance on object surfaces. Methods The quantitative bactericidal test method using cloth carrier immersion and on-site disinfection test method were used to assess the efficacy of 1 500 and 1 000 mg/L potassium monopersulfate composite salt disinfectant formulations both at normal temperature and low temperature against Escherichia coli and Staphylococcus aureus. Results Under normal temperature (20℃), the 1 000 mg/L potassium monopersulfate composite salt disinfectant reduced the bacterial count of Escherichia coli and Staphylococcus aureus on cloth carriers by more than 4.0 log within 5 min. Under low temperature (-18℃), the low temperature disinfectant with a concentration of 1 000 mg/L reduced the bacterial count of Escherichia coli and Staphylococcus aureus by more than 4.0 log and 3.0 log within 7.5 min, respectively. The 1 000 mg/L normal temperature formulations potassium monopersulfate composite salt disinfectant eliminated the natural bacterial count on object surfaces within 10 min, with an average killing rate of 95.59%. Conclusion Both normal temperature and low temperature potassium hydrogen peroxymonosulfate compound disinfectants can effectively eliminate bacterial vegetative cells, and they are suitable for disinfecting object surfaces under normal and low temperature conditions.

目的 了解消毒供应中心医用清洗刷在管腔类器械中的使用与管理现状，提出改进意见。方法 采用面对面、半结构式访谈法，对上海市20家医院60名消毒供应中心工作人员进行深入访谈，调查医用清洗刷在管腔器械手工清洗时使用的规格数量、刷洗方式、刷洗次数、使用后的清洗和消毒方式、存放方式、更换标准及满意度情况，采用Colaizzi现象学分析法对访谈资料进行分析。结果 提炼出3个核心主题：（1）医用清洗刷在管腔器械手工清洗中的使用及处置方法不一。使用1种规格清洗刷的人数占比最低（8.33%），使用3种规格清洗刷的人数占比最高（56.67%）；90.00%的人员采用贯通法辅以水枪冲洗；80.00%的人员刷洗次数不固定。（2）医用清洗刷使用重要性的认知较低。41.67%的工作人员认为正确使用清洗刷不重要，38.33%的人员认为比较重要，20.00%的人员认为重要。（3）使用者对目前使用的医用清洗刷满意率不高，为35.00%~58.33%。结论 医用清洗刷作为可复用的重要清洗工具，在实际应用中差异较大，应制订其使用和处置相关规范，加强清洗刷使用培训和考核，改进清洗刷质量和功能。

随着微创外科技术的快速发展，达芬奇机器人手术系统因其显著优势获得广泛应用。然而，该系统的器械结构精细复杂，清洗灭菌难度较大，直接关乎手术安全与医疗成本控制，且其器械清洗、监测及灭菌面临挑战和标准的缺失。本综述系统梳理了近年来该领域的进展现况，围绕清洗方法、效果监测与灭菌技术三大主题，依操作流程的逻辑框架展开论述。发现手工联合机械清洗、多种监测手段结合使用，以及依据器械属性选择压力蒸汽或低温灭菌方式，成为当前共识性的实践方向。尽管如此，该领域仍存在标准化流程尚未统一、清洗效果评估仍偏主观等关键局限。展望未来，人工智能技术在实现智能化清洗监测与灭菌参数优化方面具备广阔应用前景。

Objective To understand the current situation of quality management of central sterile supply department (CSSD) in Gansu Province, and to provide a basis for further improving the quality of CSSD work. Methods A questionnaire survey was used to investigate and analyze the quality of CSSD management in 62 hospitals in Gansu Province. Results The proportion of secondary hospitals and tertiary hospitals with a floor area-to-hospital bed ratio ≥0.8 was 68.18% and 33.33%, respectively. The number of CSSD personnel per 100 beds >2 in secondary and tertiary hospitals accounted for 65.91% and 16.67%, respectively. Hospitals that adopt centralized management accounted for 85.48%, while hospitals that use centralized processing of soft endoscopes had the lowest proportion (27.42%). The implementation rates of CSSD for quantitative cleaning effect monitoring and temperature-pressure monitoring of cleaning and disinfection equipment were 46.77% and 50.91%, respectively. The pass rate of overall work quality and the pass rate of work quality evaluation in secondary and tertiary hospitals were 88.89%, 72.58% and 65.91%, respectively. Conclusion It is necessary to further optimize basic infrastructure, strengthen centralized management and standardized awareness, and to improve the quality of work.

Objective To evaluate the disinfection efficacy of plasma air disinfection machines in the dynamic hospital environment and to analyze the correlation between airborne colony counts and bioaerosol concentration along with influencing factors. Methods The natural sedimentation method and aerosol monitors were employed to measure airborne bacterial colony counts and aerosol concentrations in two groups of hospital wards—one equipped with plasma air disinfection devices and the other without. A multivariate linear regression analysis and correlation analysis were conducted to examine the relationship between airborne bacterial colony counts and aerosol concentrations in the experimental and control groups. Results After disinfection, the airborne colony count in the test group (2.66 ± 0.74) cfu/(plate · 5 min) was significantly lower than that in the control group (4.74 ± 2.59) cfu/(plate · 5 min) (P< 0.05). Correlation analysis revealed a positive correlation between airborne colony counts and the total bioaerosol concentration (r= 0.170, P< 0.05), with a significant association specifically with particles≥2.5 µm in diameter (P< 0.001). Factors such as window ventilation, use of other respiratory medical devices, total number of people in the ward, and toilet usage showed statistically significant effects on airborne colony counts (P< 0.05). Room temperature, mask-wearing rate in the ward, and toilet usage might influence the concentration of bioaerosols in the air (P< 0.05). Conclusion The application of a plasma air disinfector under dynamic hospital operating conditions demonstrates certain disinfection efficacy. Routine monitoring of aerosol concentration, particularly bioaerosol concentration, is beneficial for assessing the transmission risk of airborne pathogenic microorganisms.

为解决急性呼吸道传染病疫情后建筑资源浪费问题，合理高效地使用公共卫生资源，“平疫结合”病房转换成为医疗建筑设计与应急管理领域的研究热点。转换按不同维度的技术属性分为空间布局转换、机电系统转换和应急储备机制，主要转换措施包括添加/拆除移动隔板、卫生通道及房间重分配、调节空调排风系统和正负压病房启用运行等。本文重点介绍了我国“平疫结合”转换病房建设现状，并对主要转化措施存在的问题及应对策略进行初步探讨，以期为医疗机构新建、改扩建“平疫两用”病房提供技术参考。

Objective To compare the consistency of UV radiation dose indicator cards and photometers in evaluating the effect of UV sterilization on medical environment objects, and to provide a basis for rapid evaluation of UV disinfection effect in medical environment. Methods Test points on high-frequency contact surfaces within the ward were selected, and UV radiation photometers, a dose indicator card, and three types of bacterial carriers (Escherichia coli, Staphylococcus aureus, and Bacillus subtilis var. niger) were placed respectively. The ultraviolet disinfection lamp was activated for 30 min, and UV radiation photometers readings and the color changes of the dose indicator card were recorded. The bacterial carriers for colony count were collected. Results All 60 UV radiation dose indicator cards exhibited color change and passed the qualification test. The cumulative UV radiation dose displayed by the dose indicator cards was consistent with that shown by the photometer, and the main data showed significant positive correlation ( P<0.001 ) with the average logarithmic value of microbial inactivation for the three indicator microorganisms. Conclusion Using the ultraviolet radiation dose indicator card to evaluate the ultraviolet disinfection effect in a medical environment is convenient and reliable.

目的 了解某医院环境清洁消毒效果及医务人员手卫生状况，分析医院环境卫生学监测合格率对医院感染发生率的影响，为有效控制医院感染提供依据。方法 采用现场采样和细菌学检测方法，监测2020—2022年医院室内空气、物体表面、使用中消毒剂、内镜内腔、纯化水卫生及消毒效果、医务人员手卫生合格情况，分析年份间或监测项目间合格率差异，分析监测合格率与医院感染发生率的相关性。结果 共收集1 761份样本，总监测合格率为97.33%。3年监测合格率依次为99.17%、96.13%和96.69%，差异有统计学意义（χ²=12.201，P=0.002）；不同监测项目中，内镜内腔和纯化水总合格率达100.00%，室内空气和使用中消毒剂合格率>98.00%，物体表面和医务人员手卫生合格率<96.00%。手卫生合格率以2020年最高（99.32%）。卫生学监测合格率和院内感染率呈负相关（r=-0.997，P<0.05）。结论 医院环境卫生学监测合格率较高，环境卫生学及消毒效果越好，医院感染发生率越低。医院应完善环境卫生及消毒管理，进一步降低医院感染发生率。

Objective To evaluate the disinfection effect of two disinfectants on bacteria in the dust accumulated in centralized air-conditioning return air filters, and to explore the effect of air conditioner filter cleaning and disinfection methods on the total number of relevant indoor air bacteria. Methods During the period from 2018 to 2024, the dust accumulated in the return air filters of centralized air-conditioning units in some wards of three tertiary hospitals in Wuhan was sampled, and the total number of bacteria was calculated. Simulated on-site and on-site disinfection tests were conducted on air-conditioning filters using a chlorine disinfectant with an effective chlorine level of 500 mg/L and a complex quaternary ammonium salt disinfectants with a level of 3 000 mg/L, and the disinfection effects were evaluated. Changes in bacterial counts in indoor air before and after direct rinsing of air-conditioning filters with tap water and after disinfection and then rinsing were detected using the plate exposure method and the air sampler method in the dirty washroom of a hospital department. Results The amount of dust accumulated in the air conditioner return air filters was positively correlated with the total number of bacteria, with a correlation coefficient of 0.77. The results of the simulated on-site disinfection test showed that the concentration of chlorine-containing disinfectant and compound quaternary ammonium salt disinfectant failed to disinfect the filter when the concentration decreased to 31.20 mg/L and 1 820.70 mg/L, respectively. The results of on-site disinfection test showed that when the concentration of chlorine-containing disinfectant and compound quaternary ammonium salt disinfectant were lower than 50 mg/L and 2 000 mg/L, respectively, the filter disinfection failed. Both the plate exposure method and the air sampler method showed that the direct use of tap water to rinse the filters significantly increased the total number of airborne bacteria in the room of interest. After disinfecting and then rinsing the filter with tap water, the total number of indoor air bacteria was similar to that before cleaning. Conclusion Chlorine disinfectant (effective chlorine 500 mg/L) and compound quaternary ammonium salt disinfectant (3 000 mg/L) can effectively kill bacteria in the dust of centralized air-conditioning return air filter after 5 minutes disinfection. The use of pre-sanitization followed by cleaning reduces bacterial contamination of the relevant indoor air environment.

Objective To establish and optimize a high performance liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry method for the determination of five disinfection byproducts in drinking water, and compare it with ion chromatography. Methods The samples were separated by an 0.22 m microporous membrane on a Dionex IonPac AS16 column (2 mm ×250 mm, 9 m), and then treated with acetonitrile-0.7 mol /L methylamine (60:40)，electrospray ion source and negative ion mode. At the same time, the samples were separated through 0.45 m microporous filter membrane by Metrosep A Supp 18-250 column. The leached solution was 9 mmol/L KOH, 1.25 mmol/L Na₂CO₃ and 1% sulfuric acid, then analyzed by ion chromatogram. Results The linear correlation coefficient (r) of the five disinfection byproducts of the two methods was >0.999 4. The detection limit was 0.001-0.004 mg/L, and the determination limit was 0.003-0.001 2 mg/L. The average recovery rate was 89.4%-105.4%. The relative standard deviation was 1.0%-5.4%. Both method were used to test 30 samples of drinking water, in which no bromates or hypochlorites were detected. The mean values of dichloroacetic acid measured by HPLC-MS/MS and IC were 0.032 and 0.034 mg/L, and the mean values of chlorate were 0.069 and 0.066mg/L, respectively(P>0.05). The detection rates of trichloroacetic acid were 90.0% and 53.3%, respectively (P<0.05). Conclusion The two methods have their own advantages and disadvantages. The appropriate method should be selected according to actual situation.

Objective To understand the trend of changes in the prevalence of nosocomial infections among inpatients and to provide evidence for improving nosocomial infection management and prevention and control levels. Methods A cross-sectional survey method was used to analyze the prevalence of nosocomial infections among inpatients in a hospital from 2011 to 2022. Results A total of 9 249 inpatients were actually surveyed in the hospital, with an actual survey rate of 99.12% and an average prevalence of nosocomial infections of 2.02%. The sites of nosocomial infections were mainly lower respiratory tract infections, accounting for 31.37%. Among the pathogens causing nosocomial infections, Gram-negative bacteria accounted for 58.77%. The antibiotic usage rate among inpatients was 28.05%, with therapeutic antibiotics accounting for 83.85%. The pathogen testing rate was 70.45%, and the pathogen testing rate before antibiotic use showed a trend of increasing year by year. Conclusions The prevalence of nosocomial infections among inpatients in this hospital is within the national control standards. The pathogen testing for antibiotic use and therapeutic antibiotic use is relatively effective, and close attention should be paid to the monitoring and management of drug-resistant bacterial infections.

Objective To compare the efficacy of disinfecting disposable disinfectant wipes with other disinfecting methods in object surface wiping of medical institutions based on network Meta-analysis. Methods Two researchers independently searched Chinese and English databases with a search deadline of April 15, 2024, independently screened the literature and extracted data according to the inclusion and exclusion criteria, the outcome was qualified rate of disinfection,and network Meta-analysis was performed using STATA software. Results A total of 25 studies were included. The network meta-analysis indicated that at 30 minutes post-disinfection, wiping with 500 mg/L chlorine-containing disinfectant demonstrated a significantly higher qualification rate compared to wiping with 75% ethanol (OR=2.10, 95% CI = 1.16-3.82; P<0.05). No statistically significant differences in qualification rates were observed among other disinfectant types or application methods, such as between quaternary ammonium salt-based disinfectant wipes and wiping with 500 mg/L chlorine-containing disinfectant (OR= 1.36, 95% CI = 0.78-2.40; P >0.05). Among the results obtained at 1 h and 2 h after disinfection, there was no significant difference in the qualified rates of disinfection among all disinfection methods compared with each other. Conclusion Disinfection wipes with various ingredients demonstrate comparable efficacy to other disinfection methods, including wiping with chlorine-based disinfectants and 75% ethanol, meeting the surface disinfection requirements for medical facilities.

Objective To verify the disinfection effect of a compound quaternary ammonium salt disinfectant on microbiology laboratories. Methods Suspension quantitative bactericidal test and carrier quantitative bactericidal test were used to verify the bactericidal effect of the compound quaternary ammonium salt disinfectant. Results In the microbial counting method for the compound quaternary ammonium salt disinfectant, pH 7.0 sterile sodium chloride-peptone buffer containing 3% polysorbate 80 and 0.3% lecithin was used as the diluent, and the recovery rate of 5 standard bacteria could meet the requirements of 0.5~2 with a dilution level of 1:10 and an inoculation volume of 1 mL/dish. In the verification test of disinfectant bactericidal effect, when using the suspension method, the killing logarithm values of Staphylococcus aureus, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, and Escherichia coli were all >5.00, and the killing logarithm values of Candida albicans and Aspergillus niger were all ≥4.00, and the killing logarithm values of environmental microorganisms were all ≥3.00; When using the carrier method, the killing logarithm values of standard bacterial strains and environmental microorganisms on several material carriers were all ≥3.00. Conclusion The compound quaternary ammonium salt disinfectant has a good killing effect on standard bacterial strains and environmental microorganisms, and can be used for disinfection in pharmaceutical microbiology laboratories.

Objective To investigate and analyze the disinfection measures and efficacy of drinking water in rural of Zhoukou City, so as to provide a basis for ensuring rural drinking water safety. Methods Data on disinfection facilities and disinfectant usage in rural drinking water systems from 2020 to 2023 were collected. Residual disinfectant levels and total bacterial counts in drinking water were analyzed. Disinfection efficacy was evaluated according to GB 5749-2006 Standards for Drinking Water Quality. Results From 2020 to 2023, a total of 183, 183, 181 and 180 rural water treatment plants were monitored annually. The proportion of plants using disinfection facilities as required increased from 64.48% in 2020 to 74.44% in 2023 (χ²=3.571, P=0.059). Chlorine dioxide and sodium hypochlorite remained the predominant disinfectants, with the proportion of plants using sodium hypochlorite rising from 26.78% in 2020 to 43.89% in 2023 (χ²=6.808, P=0.009). Pass rates of residual disinfectant for sodium hypochlorite, chlorine dioxide and liquid chlorine treated samples were 67.04%, 89.23% and 90.83%. Chlorine dioxide-treated samples showed the lowest total bacterial count compliance (93.80%) (χ²=10.465, P=0.005). Residual disinfectant compliance was lower in finished water than in terminal water (χ²=4.579, P=0.032). Microbial compliance was higher in finished water than in terminal water (χ²=6.645, P=0.010). Residual disinfectant compliance was higher in the wet season than in the dry season (χ²=5.385, P=0.020). Microbial compliance was lower in the wet season than in the dry season (χ²=19.273, P<0.001). Residual disinfectant compliance was higher in conventionally treated reservoir water than in disinfected deep well water (χ²=9.166, P=0.002) (χ²=1.212, P=0.271). Conclusion Rural drinking water in Zhoukou City exhibits a high compliance rate for residual disinfectant levels. Disinfectant type, water sample type, season, water supply method, and water source classification exert varying degrees of influence on disinfection efficacy.

Objective To investigate the influence of varying concentrations of organic interferents on the disinfection efficacy of hypochlorous acid (HOCl), for providing a scientific basis for optimizing the use condition of disinfection in practical applications. Methods A quantitative suspension bactericidal test was conducted to evaluate the disinfection efficacy of HOCl solutions containing 137.2 mg/L and 68.6 mg/L available chlorine against Staphylococcus aureus, Escherichia coli, and Candida albicans in the presence of different concentrations of bovine serum albumin (BSA) used as the organic interferent. Results For hypochlorous acid disinfectant containing 137.2 mg/L available chlorine: when BSA concentration in the bacterial suspension was below 3.0%, a 0.5 min contact time achieved the disinfection standard against Escherichia coli, Staphylococcus aureus and Candida albicans. At 10.0% BSA concentration, the disinfectant failed to meet the standard for all tested microorganisms even after 1.5 min of exposure. For hypochlorous acid containing 68.6 mg/L available chlorine: with 0.3% BSA in suspension, over 1 min of contact time was required to meet the disinfection standard. When BSA concentration increased to 3.0%, the disinfectant failed to achieve the disinfection standard for all tested microorganisms after 1.5 min of action. Conclusion The lower the concentration of BSA, the better the disinfection effect of HOCl achieves. During the application of HOCl, the concentration of organic interfering substances should be reduced to improve its disinfection efficacy.

Objective To investigate the efficacy of hydrogen peroxide spray, peracetic acid spray, and ultraviolet (UV) germicidal lamp irradiation in removing nucleic acids from MS2 bacteriophage-contaminated aerosols. Methods Bacteriophage aerosols (10¹⁰ PFU/mL) were sprayed at 100 mL into each of five 60 m³ laboratory chambers. Disinfection was performed by spraying with 30 g/L hydrogen peroxide, 5 g/L peracetic acid, or by irradiation using 60, 90, and 120 W UV germicidal lamps. The copy number of the MS2 bacteriophage lysis protein gene was quantified via quantitative RT-PCR to compare the nucleic acid clearance efficacy of the different disinfection methods. Results The average copy numbers of the MS2 gene in the 30 g/L hydrogen peroxide group and the 5 g/L peracetic acid group were lower than that in the positive control group, measuring 1.49×10⁹, 9.85×10⁷ and 8.14×10¹¹, respectively (F=217.396, P < 0.05). The 120 W UV lamp demonstrated the best nucleic acid clearance efficacy, with an average copy number of 7.26×10⁸, which was significantly lower than the control group's 8.14×10¹¹ (F=217.396, P < 0.05). The 120 W UV lamp achieved a nucleic acid clearance rate of 99.91%, higher than that of the 60 W and 90 W lamps, although residual nucleic acids were still detected. Conclusion Hydrogen peroxide, peracetic acid, and UV germicidal lamps exhibit a certain degree of efficacy in removing nucleic acids from highly concentrated aerosol contamination, but cannot achieve complete clearance.

Objective To analyze the positive rate of cerebrospinal fluid culture, pathogen distribution, and drug resistance in patients with post-craniotomy intracranial infection (PCII), and to provide evidence for the accurate prevention and control of PCII and the spread of multidrug-resistant organisms. Methods A cross-sectional study was conducted, and patients with PCII admitted to a level-A tertiary hospital in Shanghai from January 2015 to December 2021 were selected as the research subjects. Relevant infection data of the patients were retrospectively collected to analyze the positive rate of cerebrospinal fluid culture, composition of pathogens, and detection rate of multidrug-resistant organisms. Results Among the 228 enrolled patients, 85 were positive for cerebrospinal fluid culture, with a positive rate of 37.28%. The pathogens detected in cerebrospinal fluid cultures were mainly Gram-positive bacteria, accounting for 64.66%. The distribution of pathogens was dominated by coagulase-negative Staphylococci, accounting for 41.35%, of which the detection rate of methicillin-resistant strains were 67.35%. The most common Gram-negative bacteria were Acinetobacter baumannii and Klebsiella pneumoniae, accounting for 8.27% and 6.02%, respectively. The detection rates of carbapenem-resistant Acinetobacter baumannii (CRAB) and carbapenem-resistant Klebsiella pneumoniae (CRKP) were 90.91% and 62.50%, respectively. Conclusion The positive rate of cerebrospinal fluid culture in patients with PCII is relatively low, and the pathogens are mainly coagulase-negative Staphylococci. However, intracranial infections caused by CRAB and CRKP are currently major challenges for nosocomial infection prevention and control in patients undergoing craniotomy.

针对高等级生物安全实验室标识系统设置不够完善的现状，结合高等级生物安全实验室建设的特点、依托的标识设计规则，通过查阅文献、资料，结合自身工作需求及实际情况，重点考虑工作适用性、尺寸比例审美性、形态构造适应性及材料安全性，从辅助工作区和防护区分别对标识的选择、设计、尺寸、位置及材料进行规范化设置，定期对标识系统设置体系进行功能性指标（使用频率、导向性、信息量、可识别性）、美观性指标（设计风格、色彩搭配）、可持续性指标（使用寿命、颜色变化、更新换代、牢固性、存在风险、光照破坏）等量化评估，持续优化并更新完善标识系统。通过建立高等级生物安全实验室标识系统，不仅实现了“安全第一，预防为主”的原则，而且最大限度地避免高等级生物安全实验室安全事故的发生，为高等级生物安全实验室的安全管理保驾护航，保障实验室在研发、科研、教学等各项事业上优速发展。

目的 总结一起纤维支气管镜（以下简称纤支镜）终末漂洗水菌落检测超标事件的干预处置经验，为制订内镜终末漂洗水管路消毒指南规范提供参考。方法 分析某医院纤支镜清洗消毒设备投入使用前终末漂洗水细菌菌落总数超标原因，实施针对性改进措施，并验证效果。结果 纤支镜表面清洗水、纤支镜管道冲洗水、贮水箱水菌落总数分别为15、248和3 cfu/100 mL，菌数超标的主要原因为水路系统管道积水。针对水路污染原因施加的干预措施包括水龙头加装无菌过滤器，更换纤支镜管道注水处的水路管道，以及开启臭氧发生器24 h内镜清洗工作站纯化水供水管分支参与回水循环。改进措施后终末漂洗水和贮水箱水中细菌数均为0 cfu/100 mL。结论 医疗用水水路系统建设时，医院感染控制部门需参与方案拟定并验证终末漂洗水质量，以从源头防控医院感染。

Objective To observe the influence of different material carriers on the disinfection effect of hydrogen peroxide, and to provide reference for the implementation and evaluation of disinfection effects of hydrogen peroxide on different disinfection objects in practical applications. Methods The carrier immersion quantitative bactericidal test method was used to test the killing effect of hydrogen peroxide on the contaminated microorganisms on the carriers of different materials. Results Using 10 g/L hydrogen peroxide disinfectant to soak three types of carriers contaminated with Escherichia coli, the disinfection effects on cloth sheets and stainless steel sheets were better than that on filter paper sheets (P<0.05); Using 30 g/L hydrogen peroxide disinfectant to soak three types of carriers contaminated with Candida albicans, the disinfection effect on cloth was better than that on stainless steel sheets and filter paper sheets (P<0.05); Using 30 g/L hydrogen peroxide disinfectant to soak three types of carriers contaminated with spores of Bacillus subtilis var. niger for 2 h, the disinfection effect of the stainless steel group was better than that of the cloth group and filter paper group (P<0.05); Using 30 g/L hydrogen peroxide disinfectant to spray three types of carriers contaminated with Escherichia coli, the disinfection effect on stainless steel sheets was better than that of cloth sheets and filter paper sheets (P<0.01); Using 60 g/L hydrogen peroxide disinfectant to spray three types of carriers contaminated with Candida albicans and Bacillus subtilis var. niger spores, the disinfection effect on stainless steel sheets was overall better than that of cloth sheets and filter paper sheets (P<0.01). Conclusion Different material carriers have an impact on the disinfection effect of hydrogen peroxide, and different disinfection methods also have an impact on the disinfection effect of different material carriers. When formulating disinfection plans, implementing disinfection processes, and evaluating disinfection effect, it is necessary to consider the impact of disinfection object materials and disinfection methods on disinfection effect.

Objective To investigate the cleaning and disinfection efficacy of disinfectant wipes on the object surfaces of comprehensive dental treatment equipment, and to provide the theoretical evidence for prevention and control nosocomial infection. Methods Object surface samples were collected from dental units across 25 campuses of municipal hospitals in Beijing. Rapid detection methods were employed to assess the level of surface contamination. The cleaning and disinfection efficacy was evaluated after using disposable disinfectant wipes containing quaternary ammonium compounds. Results A total of 900 samples were collected from the comprehensive dental treatment equipment, including 450 samples contaminated by high splash treatment, and 450 samples after cleaning and disinfection. After the high splash treatment, the qualified rate of the contaminated object surfaces was 64.89%, among which the qualified rate of the spittoons (37.33%) was lower than other points. After cleaning and disinfection, the qualified rate of the object surfaces increased to 90.00%, the qualified rate of the patient’s armrests (both sides) was the lowest (82.67%), and the qualified rate of the operating table and panel (doctor’s side) was the highest (94.67%). Conclusion The disinfectant wipes can effectively clean and disinfect the object surfaces of the comprehensive dental treatment equipment. Medical institutions should strengthen the management of the cleaning and disinfection process of comprehensive dental treatment equipment, and pay attention to the dental water lines and high-frequency contact points of patients.

Objective To observe of the disinfection effect of four types of disinfectant wipes on the surfaces of different parts of wheelchairs. Methods The surface materials of different contact parts of the wheelchair were divided into uncoated fabric group, coated fabric group, and polyurethane material armrest group. Quantitative bactericidal test method was used to detect the disinfection efficacy of disinfectant wipes,which contain effective chlorine 102 mg/L disinfectant, 75% ethanol, 10 g/L hydrogen peroxide disinfectant, and 4 500 mg/L quaternary ammonium salt disinfectant on surface contaminated bacteria of the materials. Results Four types of disinfectant wipes were used to wipe and disinfect the surfaces of three groups of materials for 5 minutes, and the average killing logarithm of Staphylococcus aureus and Escherichia coli on the surface of the wheelchair was above 3.0. Conclusion The surface of different parts of the wheelchair is wiped and disinfected with four types of disinfectant wipes, and the disinfection requirements can be met after 5 min of contact.

N-亚硝胺类化合物具有特定的致癌性、遗传毒性和细胞毒性。N-亚硝胺类氯化消毒副产物在氯化消毒后的饮用水中并不以单一形式存在，并且浓度往往较低。目前关于其对人体毒性作用的研究尚不够全面和深入。本文综述了饮用水中N-亚硝胺类氯化消毒副产物的生成与转化，低剂量混合N-亚硝胺类氯化消毒副产物的细胞毒性、遗传毒性和致癌性，以及相关毒性作用机制，为改善饮用水氯化消毒过程，有效减少消毒副产物生成，探索混合低剂量亚硝胺的潜在健康效应提供科学依据。

Objective To understand the current status and characteristics of bloodborne occupational exposure among healthcare workers in a tertiary hospital, and to provide references for improving occupational health protection measures for medical personnel. Methods A retrospective analysis was conducted on the data of healthcare workers who experienced bloodborne occupational exposure from January 2015 to December 2024 in a tertiary hospital. Results Over the past decade, a total of 347 occupational exposure incidents occurred in the hospital. Nursing staff accounted for the highest proportion of exposed personnel (55.62%), followed by medical trainees (25.36%) and clinical physicians (15.56%). Percutaneous sharp injuries were the most common exposure route (89.34%), followed by contamination of wounds or mucous membranes (11.66%). The main exposure scenarios included clinical procedures (50.39%), instrument sorting (31.10%), and needle removal (18.50%). Hepatitis B virus was the most frequent exposure source (40.92%). The widely recommended first aid measure for sharp injury exposures was first by squeezing the wound to express blood, followed by rinsing and disinfection. Conclusion Nursing staff experience the highest proportion of occupational exposures, primarily involving sharp injuries during clinical procedures, with hepatitis B virus being the most common source. The correct first aid procedure is to squeeze the wound first, then to rinse and disinfect it.

Objective To investigate the current status of multidrug-resistant organism (MDRO) infections in a general hospital and to establish a time series model to forecast the incidence trends of MDRO-associated nosocomial infections. Methods Using retrospective investigation and statistical analysis methods, MDRO infection data among hospitalized patients in a hospital from 2010 to 2023 was conducted. The optimal time series prediction model for hospital MDRO infection was established. The prediction effect of MDRO infection data from January to June 2024 was validated. Results A total of 342 069 hospitalized patients were surveyed, among whom 2 198 cases had MDRO infections with an average prevalence rate of 0.64%. 382 cases of MDRO hospital-acquired infections, representing incidence nosocomial infection rate of 0.11%. The in-hospital prevalence rate of MDRO showed a increasing trend from 2010 to 2023 ($\chi$²_趋势=44.891, P<0.001). The MDRO nosocomial infection department primarily involved the intensive care unit (51.57%) and neurosurgery (11.26%). The most common infection sites were the respiratory system (71.47%) and urinary tract (18.06%). The predominant pathogens were Acinetobacter baumannii (46.60%), Escherichia coli (16.23%), and Staphylococcus aureus (15.18%). The ARIMA (2,0,2)(0,0,1) model demonstrated the best predictive performance for MDRO-associated nosocomial infection incidence rates, achieving a stable coefficient of determination (R²) of 0.746.The application of this model predicted the prevalence of MDRO hospital-acquired infections in the first half of 2024, and the predicted values were within the 95% confidence interval of the actual values. Conclusion Hospitals should strengthen the monitoring of MDRO infections and analyze infection rate trends in key departments and critical areas. The ARIMA(2,0,2)(0,0,1) model has demonstrated strong short-term predictive performance for MDRO-associated nosocomial infections.

目的 了解2019—2023年山东某三甲医院重症监护病房（ICU）医院感染发生率，为急性呼吸系统传染病疫情防控提供参考。方法 采用回顾性调查方法，对2019—2023年该医院ICU医院感染成年患者的临床资料和病原学检查资料进行调查，分析医院感染发生率及病原菌分布变化。结果 2019—2023年ICU医院感染发生率为3.36%，年份间感染发生率呈上升趋势（χ²_趋势=13.212，P<0.05）。共检出病原菌365株，构成比居前3位分别为肺炎克雷伯菌（25.21%）、鲍曼不动杆菌（16.44%）和铜绿假单胞菌（12.88%）。检出多重耐药菌136株，以CRAB为主（40.44%）。结论 该医院2023年ICU医院感染率与2022年相比未有明显降低，应加强ICU医院感染控制薄弱环节，尤其需降低多重耐药菌的传播风险。

目的 探讨自主研制的骨科电钻微型清洗消毒槽在电钻清洗消毒中的应用效果。 方法 采用随机分组的方法将2022年5月16—21日回收的76把骨科电钻随机等分为试验组和对照组，对照组采用普通槽清洗，试验组采用自主研发的骨科电钻微型槽清洗。通过目测法、带光源放大镜法、三磷酸腺生物荧光法对清洗效果进行验证；对2种清洗消毒方法的人员体力消耗、成本效益等方面进行性价比分析；采用 5% 亚甲蓝溶液作为喷溅物染色指示剂，进行水平喷溅范围试验。 结果 对照组与试验组合格率相同，均为100%；清洗一把骨科电钻对照组软水使用量（12 000 mL）大于试验组（60 mL）；其含酶清洗剂使用量对照组（400 mL）大于试验组（2 mL）。清洗体力消耗方面，对照组清洗时体力消耗（14.5 N）高于试验组（6.2 N）。亚甲蓝水平喷溅范围试验，对照组喷溅范围100~500 mm，试验组无喷溅。 结论 骨科电钻微型清洗消毒槽的应用，在体力消耗、成本效益、气溶胶或飞溅物喷溅等方面存在优势，具有应用及推广价值。

Objective To understand the current status of disinfection quality in childcare agencies in some districts of Shanghai, and to provide a basis for improving the quality of disinfection work in childcare agencies. Methods On-site sampling and testing methods were used to monitor and analyze the disinfection quality of childcare agencies in three districts in the southwest of Shanghai. Results From 2016 to 2023, a total of 1 092 childcare agencies under the jurisdiction of Minhang District, Xuhui District, and Songjiang District in Shanghai were sampled and monitored, with an average overall qualified rate of 72.62%. 83.28% of childcare agencies failed only in 1 category of sample, and 76.59% of the staff failed in hand hygiene. There was a significant difference in the qualified rate of childcare agencies in different jurisdictions (X²=29.929, P<0.05), with the highest qualified rate of 80.39% in Xuhui District and the lowest qualified rate of 61.20% in Songjiang District. The qualified rate of public childcare agencies was 76.32%, while that of private childcare agencies was 65.98%, with a significant difference (X²=13.483, P<0.05). Conclusion Among childcare agencies in the three districts in the southwest of Shanghai, the disinfection quality in central urban areas (Xuhui District) is better, and the supervision and management of hygiene quality in suburban (Songjiang District) childcare agencies should be strengthened.

Objective To explore the occupational exposure status of staff in central sterile supply department (CSSD), analyze its relationship with risk perception and protective behavior, and to evaluate the effect of systematic intervention strategies. Methods Convenient sampling was used to select 302 CSSD staff from 5 comprehensive hospitals in Beijing from March 2024 to March 2025 as the research subjects. A survey was conducted using general information questionnaires, occupational exposure risk perception scales, and occupational protection knowledge, attitude, and behavior questionnaires. Combined with occupational exposure registration data from January 2022 to January 2024 in the hospital infection real-time monitoring system, single factor analysis, multiple factor logistic regression, and path analysis methods were used to explore the influencing factors of occupational exposure and implement corresponding intervention measures. Results The occupational exposure rate of CSSD staff was 27.8% (84/302). Correlation analysis showed that occupational exposure frequency was significantly negatively correlated with the total score of risk perception (r=-0.612, P<0.001) and protective behavior (r=-0.423, P<0.001), while there was a significant positive correlation between risk perception and protective behavior (r=0.588, P<0.001). Multivariate logistic regression analysis showed that the total scores of risk perception, protective behavior, occupational protection training, and work experience were significant protective factors for occupational exposure (OR>1, P<0.05). The analysis of the mediating effect suggested that occupational exposure not only directly reduced the level of protective behavior, but also indirectly affected protective behavior by reducing risk perception. Risk perception played a partial mediating role between the two, with the mediating effect accounting for 40.6% of the total effect. After intervention, both groups showed significant improvements in risk perception, protective behavior, and satisfaction scores compared to before intervention, with the intervention group showing a more significant increase (P<0.001). Conclusion The incidence of occupational exposure among CSSD workers in this region is relatively high, and the level of risk perception and protective behavior is closely related to occupational exposure. By systematically intervening to enhance risk perception, protective behavior can be effectively improved, occupational exposure risks can be reduced, and it has value for promotion and application.