Objective To study the residual of ethylene oxide and 2-chloroethanol in medical devices. Methods Thirteen kinds of polymer materials commonly used in medical devices were sterilized, and ethylene oxide and 2-chloroethanol residues were tested by gas chromatography without analysis.After 3, 5 and 7 days of analysis, the effects of ethylene oxide residue and resolution rate, as well as the effects of extraction temperature, time and chloride ion concentration on the detection of 2-chloroethanol were detected. Results No 2-chloroethanol was detected in any of the 13 materials after sterilization. Acrylonitrile-styrene-butadiene copolymer (ABS), polyurethane and polyvinyl chloride ethylene oxide residues were 632.27, 577.66 and 524.53 μg/g, respectively, while silicone rubber and fluoroplastics had fewer residues of 5.34 and 72.73 μg/g, respectively. There was a significant difference in the resolution rate of different materials, and the resolution rate of fluoroplastics and polyetheramide block copolymers was the fastest, with 100.00% and 98.34%, respectively. The concentration of chloride ions had an effect on the detection of 2-chloroethanol. Conclusion Medical device companies should conduct specific analysis of the selected materials at the beginning of product design, and reduce ethylene oxide residues by controlling sterilization and analysis conditions if necessary, while the control of 2-chloroethanol residues may not be necessary.

Objective To investigate the disinfection effect and influencing factors of LED ultraviolet disinfection device. Methods Using the carrier quantitative bactericidal test method, the bactericidal effect and influencing factors of LED ultraviolet disinfection device were observed. Results The LED ultraviolet disinfection device was equipped with 54 UV chips with wavelengths ranging from 270 to 280 nm. After 60 s of irradiation, Escherichia coli and Staphylococcus aureus on glass slide were completely killed; the killing rate of Candida albicans on glass slide could reach 99.99% after 30 s of irradiation; the killing rate of spores of Bacillus subtilis var niger on glass slide could reach 99.99% after 120 s of irradiation; the log value of inactivated infection titer of poliovirus on glass slide was 5.10 after 90 s of irradiation. Factors such as the carrier material, irradiation distance, radiation dose, organic matter, and moisture had impacts on the disinfection effect of LED ultraviolet disinfection device. Conclusion The LED ultraviolet disinfection device can effectively kill bacterial propagules, viruses, and bacterial spores, but its disinfection effect is influenced by many factors.

Objective To observe the disinfection effect of hydrogen peroxide on object surface and indoor air. Methods Field simulation and field evaluation test were applied to evaluate the disinfection effect of hydrogen peroxide on object surface and indoor air. Results The killing log valve was > 3.00 for Escherichia coli and Staphylococcus aureus standard strains with 35 g/L hydrogen peroxide for disinfection of 15 min. The average killing rate of natural bacteria on objects surface was above 90% with 105 g/L hydrogen peroxide for disinfection of 30 min at food production workshop，and the disinfection effect of natural bacteria of indoor air reached the qualified level by aerosol spraying for exposure of 30 min. Conclusion Spraying and aerosol spraying with hydrogen peroxide disinfectant are effective on object surface and indoor air disinfection.

GB 15979—2024《一次性使用卫生用品卫生要求》规定了一次性使用卫生用品的原材料卫生要求、生产过程卫生要求、产品卫生要求、包装、运输和贮存、标识要求，描述了相应的检测方法。为帮助使用者准确理解、应用本标准，本文对标准的主要内容进行解读。

Objective To observe the bacteriostasis potency of 13 individual antimicrobial agents and 6 compound liquids against Burkholderia cepacia. Methods The tube suspension method was used to monitor the survival of Burkholderia cepacia in various individual antimicrobial agents and compound liquids. Results Among the 13 commonly used individidual antimicrobial agents, a 2.0% solution of 1, 2-hexanediol and a 0.08% dodecyl dimethyl benzyl ammonium chloride incubating for 0.5 h, 0.15% methylparaben inccubating for 24 h, and 0.10% ethylparaben incubating for 1 h, the killing log value for Burkholderia cepacia decreased by ≥5.0, and the killing log values of other individual components were ≤ 3.0 after incubationg for 28 d. The number of bacteria in the test system of 0.15% ethylparaben, 0.08% and 0.12% cetylpyridine chloride could still increase when the number of bacteria in the system < 10 cfu/mL. The bacteriostasis efficacy of 0.05% caprylhydroxamic acid + 0.15% p-hydroxyacetophenone and 0.13% dodecyl dimethyl benzyl ammonium chloride + 0.06% cetylpyridine chloride did not meet the ISO 11930 “Evaluation of the antimicrobial protection of a cosmetic product”requirements, and the bacteriostasis efficacy of the other four compounds met the requirements. Conclusion The bacteriostasis potency of individual antimicrobial agents against Burkholderia cepacia can be enhanced by specific compounding.

酸性电解水是一种绿色安全、无二次污染、操作便捷、杀菌高效的新型抗菌消毒剂，在生产、生活等方面都起到重要作用。本文综述了酸性电解水的制备（原理、体系、影响因素）、成品的存储衰减机制、杀灭微生物的作用（机制及影响因素）和实际应用领域。不同的电极材料、电解质种类和浓度对酸性电解水的pH值、ORP和ACC浓度均有影响。密封保存条件下酸性电解水储存时间更长，杀菌过程中有效氯起主要作用。不同微生物种类、作用时间、作用温度和电解水用量等都会对酸性电解水体外抗菌效果产生重要影响。酸性电解水的应用场景包括医疗卫生、食品卫生和农牧渔业等，加大对酸性电解水的研究，对其在生活及生产等各方面的推广应用具有重要参考价值。

Objective To compare the killing effects of nine commonly used disinfectants on attenuated Mycobacterium bovis, Bacillus anthracis attenuated strains spores and Brucella spp attenuated strains. Methods The suspension qualitative bactericidal test was used to detect the effect of 84 disinfectant, 0.5% iodophor, 50% dibromohydantoin, 30% hydrogen peroxide solution, 75% ethanol, 50% carbolic acid, 0.2% chlorhexidine, 3% benzalkonium bromide and 2% glutaraldehydee on three bacteria for 5 and 45 min, respectively. Bacterial culture method was used to evaluate the killing effect of each disinfectant. Results 0.55% 84 disinfectant, 0.5% iodophor, 3% hydrogen peroxide solution, 75% ethanol and 2% glutaraldehyde could effectively kill attenuated Mycobacterium bovis after 5 min, while 0.1% dibromohain and 0.3% benzalammonium bromide had no obvious killing effect even if time was extended to 45 min. Similarly, 0.55% 84 disinfectant solution, 0.5% iodophor and 3% hydrogen peroxide solution had a certain efficacy on Bacillus anthracis attenuated strains spores only when incubating for a long time. 75% ethanol, 5% carbonic acid, 0.2% chlorhexidine and 0.3% benzalammonium bromide could not completely kill Bacillus anthracis spores incubating for 45 min. Conclusions 75% ethanol and 0.55% 84 disinfectant have good killing effect on attenuated Mycobacterium bovis and Brucella spp attenuated strains, but have no obvious killing effect on Bacillus anthracis attenuated strain spores.

Objective To observe the disinfection effect of a double-chain quaternary ammonium salt disinfectant in a low-temperature environment of -40℃, and to provide reference for the application of low-temperature disinfection. Methods Carrier quantitative bactericidal test and on-site disinfection test methods were used to observe the disinfection effect of the double-chain quaternary ammonium salt disinfectant on environmental surfaces under low temperature conditions. Results The content of stock solution of the double-chain quaternary ammonium salt disinfectant was 37 g/L, and the pH value was 5.03. This disinfectant has no precipitation or crystallization after being placed at -40℃ for >8 h. In a low-temperature cold storage at -40℃, the stock solution was sprayed for 30 min, and the killing log values of Escherichia coli and Staphylococcus aureus on the fabric samples were both >3.00; the stock solution was sprayed at 10 mL/m³ for 60 min, and the killing log values of Escherichia coli and Staphylococcus aureus on the glass surface were both >3.00. The stock solution of the disinfectant was non-irritating to the intact skin of New Zealand rabbits. The acute oral toxicity test on mice was non-toxic and had no micronucleogenic effect on mice. Conclusion This double-chain quaternary ammonium salt disinfectant can kill Escherichia coli and Staphylococcus aureus on environmental surfaces at low temperature of -40℃, and is an actual non-toxic substance.

Objective To observe the disinfection effects of a LED ultraviolet disinfection cabinet on different types of object surfaces, so as to provide a reference for the application of LED ultraviolet disinfection technology. Methods Using a carrier quantitative bactericidal test method, the LED ultraviolet disinfection cabinet was set to irradiate for 10 s and 120 s. The bactericidal effects on various carriers under different irradiation doses were observed. Results Irradiation for 10 s resulted in a log reduction of >3.00 for Staphylococcus aureus and Escherichia coli on filter paper and part of stainless steel plates contaminated with TSB. Similarly, the log reduction values for Staphylococcus aureus and Escherichia coli on glass slides, plastic sheets, and filter paper contaminated with 3%BSA were also >3.00. Irradiation for 120 s led to a log reduction of >3.00 for Bacillus cereus var. mycoides on filter paper contaminated with TSB, and a log reduction >3.00 for Candida albicans on glass slides and filter paper. For slides, plastic sheets, and filter paper contaminated with 3%BSA, Bacillus cereus var. mycoides also had a log reduction >3.00, and Candida albicans on glass, stainless steel, plastic sheets, and filter paper had log reductions >3.00. Conclusion LED ultraviolet light can achieve good disinfection effects on microorganisms on filter paper, with carrier types and organic contaminants significantly influencing its efficacy. Appropriate disinfection programs should be selected based on the material, cleanliness, and potential pathogens of the items to be disinfected.

Objective To observe the irritation of 222 nm ultraviolet radiation on the skin of mouse and eyes of Japanese white rabbit. Methods According to the skin irritation test and eye irritation test methods specified in document “Technical Standard for Disinfection”（2002 edition）, the iritation of 222 nm ultraviolet radiation on KM mouse skin and Japanese white rabbit eyes was observed and compared with the effect of 254 nm ultraviolet radiation in parallel. Results In high-dose single irradiation experiments or low-dose 15 d continuous irradiation experiments, 254 nm ultraviolet radiation caused skin irritation reactions in mice, manifested as epidermal thickening and decreased collagen fiber content. The irritating reaction of rabbit eyes was manifested as corneal opacity, blurred iris boundaries, and conjunctival congestion. Under the same experimental conditions, 222 nm ultraviolet irradiation did not cause skin and eye irritation reactions in experimental animals. Conclusion 222 nm UV has higher safety than 254 nm UV.

消毒是阻断病原微生物传播、防止感染的重要手段，为提高消毒效果，降低因消毒带来的生物、环境危害，复合消毒技术的应用已成为主要趋势，过氧化氢作为一种高效消毒剂被广泛使用。本文综述了过氧化氢与物理消毒方法、化学消毒剂、金属离子等进行复合消毒方面的研究进展，分析了过氧化氢不同复合消毒方法的特点，阐述了过氧化氢在使用范围、腐蚀性及安全性等方面存在的问题，展望了未来过氧化氢复合消毒的重点研究方向。

Objective To compare the resistance of phage Phi-X174 and Staphylococcus albus to ultraviolet light in aerosol state, and to explore the possibility of phage Phi-X174 as an indicator microorganism for the evaluation of the disinfection effect of air viruses. Methods The reproducibility of the killing rates of two microorganisms by a UV disinfection equipment at different disinfection times were tested, and the resistance of two types of microbial aerosols to UV light was evaluated using D value as the indicator. Results 1.5 mL of phage suspension with a concentration of 2×10⁸ pfu/mL was atomized, and the average concentration of phage in the air disinfection chamber was 3.59×10⁶ pfu/m³, with an inter-group error rate of 8.13%; 2 mL of Staphylococcus albus suspension with a concentration of 8×10⁶ cfu/mL was atomized, and the average concentration of bacteria in the air disinfection chamber was 7.10×10⁵ cfu/m³, with an inter-group error rate of 10.14%. The average killing rates of phage Phi-X174 by ultraviolet disinfection equipment at 5, 10, and 15 min were 65.30%, 86.89%, and 93.46%, respectively. The average killing rates of Staphylococcus albus at 10, 15, and 20 min were 74.87%, 85.21%, and 94.92%, respectively. Conclusion The D value of phage Phi-X174 is between 10 and 15 min, and the D value of Staphylococcus albus is between 15 and 20 min. Staphylococcus albus has a higher resistance to the UV disinfection equipment than phage Phi-X174 in aerosol state.

手术部位感染(SSI)是一种严重的、可预防的术后并发症，与手术室感染风险因素相关。虽然引起SSI的因素是多方面的，包括患者特征、手术环境、手术过程、围手术期护理等，但手术室作为进行外科手术的主要场所，最直接参与和影响SSI的发生。手术室护士是具有特殊岗位和职责的群体，直接参与手术过程的始末，担负手术室的感染防控重任，其行为与患者SSI直接相关。本文综述了手术室护士外在规范、活动与人员配置的监管、日常实践行为、医护配合和团队沟通与协调方面的行为对预防SSI的影响，并提出相应对策，旨在用科学的理论和方法制订切实有效的护理措施，在减少SSI风险因素的基础上降低SSI发生率，为采取针对性的护理干预措施提供借鉴和参考。

雾化器属于中度危险性医疗器材，在临床治疗时如果清洁消毒不及时、不彻底，容易发生污染，进而导致医院感染风险升高甚至暴发；因此，加强雾化器的消毒与管理对于控制因雾化器使用引发的医院感染有着重要意义。本文综述了近年来国内外关于雾化器污染及相关清洁消毒研究报道，分析国内外医疗机构雾化器的污染及消毒现状，并总结清洁消毒方法研究进展，以期为医疗机构雾化器的科学管理提供参考。

Objective To explore the optimal disinfection dosage and scheme of vaporized hydrogen peroxide on indoor air and high efficiency particulate air filter (HEPA) during terminal disinfection in animal biosafety level 3 (ABSL-3) laboratory. Method The hydrogen peroxide at concentration of 5, 8, 10 and 15 g/m³ were used to disinfect different volumes of space, and the disinfection effect of vaporized hydrogen peroxide was verified by chemical indicator card and biological indicator bacteria, and its corrosiveness to indoor color steel plate was observed. Exhaust HEPA filters were disninfected in situ with 10, 12 and 15 g/m³ of hydrogen peroxide which were screened for optimal dosage. Results The 10 g/m³ vaporized hydrogen peroxide could effectively disinfect the≤ 200 m³ laboratory space, and there was no corrosion of color steel plates. With the use of a disinfection circulating fan, 15 g/m³ vaporized hydrogen peroxide could disinfect the laboratory tuyere-type exhaust HEPA filter in situ. Conclusion The disinfection scheme of vaporized hydrogen peroxide disinfection circulating fan can achieve the simultaneous disinfection of indoor air and exhaust HEPA filter during the termial disinfection of ABSL-3 laboratory.

Objective To review the current status of highly cited literature in the field of sterile supply in China over the past 10 years, and to analyze the research hotspots and development trends in this field. Methods Highly cited journal articles in the field of sterile supply included in China National Knowledge Infrastructure from 2013 to 2022 were retrieved, and CiteSpace software was used to quantitatively and visually analyze 1 195 articles obtained. Results The overall number of highly cited literature in the field of sterile supply had shown a trend of first increasing and then decreasing in the past 10 years. Among them, 19.67% of literature received scientific research funding, and 42.01% was published in core journals in the field of medicine and health. The construction of the theory system of sterile supply nursing and the quality control of instrument cleaning were the research attention of concern in the past 10 years, among which the cleaning, disinfection, and sterilization of oral instruments, implants, and luminal instruments was a continuous research hotspot. Conclusion Development in the field of sterile supply should focus on the selection of cleaning, disinfection, and sterilization methods, standards of technical operation, construction of quality control indicators, establishment of management systems, and research on intelligent management to sterile supply.

Objective To analyze and reveal the current situation and trend of the researches of 222nm disinfection, and to provide evidence for the subsequent researches. Methods Relevant literature from the Web of Science Core Collection, PubMed, Embase, and Scopus database before July 20, 2022 was conducted a search. Year of publication, number of articles, authors and keyword distribution information was analyzed, using the VOSviewersoftware. Results Totally 110 related 222 nm ultravioletarticleswere retrieved, with an overall increasing trend in the number of publications. There were 45 core authorsand 4 core teams, distributed in the United States, Japan and Germany. There were 6 research hotspots, which were the effects of far-ultraviolet light on bacteria and fungi, animal research on UV radiation mutagenesis, research on the radiation effect of far-ultraviolet light on cells and skin, the application of far-ultraviolet light in food safety, the sterilizing effect of far-ultraviolet light on coronaviruses, and the effects of far-ultraviolet light equipment on new coronaviruses Conclusion 222 nm ultraviolet disinfection is in a rapidly increasing stage. The current research focus is on the application and safety of far-UVC.

Objective To test the disinfection-related performance and toxicity of hydrogen peroxide-ethanol free hand -drying hand sanitizer. Methods Quantitative suspension killing test, physical and chemical test, animal toxicity test methods were used to test the killing performance and safety of the disinfectant. Results The hand sanitizer has hydrogen peroxide and ethanol as the main composite germicidal components, with hydrogen peroxide content of 1 470 mg/L and ethanol content of 80.1% by volume. After 0.5, 1.0 and 1.5 min of the hydrogen peroxide-ethanol hand sanitizer, the killing log value of Staphylococcus aureus, Escherichia coli and Pseudomonas aeruginosa were all >6.00, and the average killing log value of Candida albicans was >5.00, and the average killing log value of the poliovirus-Ⅰvaccine strain was > 4.00. The hand disinfectant liquid was used for hand wipe disinfection, and the killing log value of natural bacteria on the hand after 1 min was >1.00. The disinfectant sealed package was stored at 37℃ for 3 months，and the reduction rates of its effective ingredient content were all less than 10%. The skin irritation test results of this hand sanitizer showed that it was non-irritating. The results of the acute oral toxicity test showed that the hand sanitizer was practically non-toxic to mice. The result of micronucleus test for mouse bone marrow polychromatic redblood cells was negative. Conclusion This hydrogen peroxide-ethanol hand sanitizer has a rapid killing effect on bacterial propagules, fungi and viruses. It is practically non-toxic and has stable storage properties.

Objective To evaluate the current status of disinfection and sterilization quality monitoring in domestic medical institutions, and to provide reference for standardizing disinfection management work. Methods The monitoring data of disinfection and sterilization effects in domestic medical institutions from 2001 to 2021 were retrieved and collected through domestic journal databases. Stata14.0 software was used to conduct Meta-analysis and evaluate the results. Results The final Meta-analysis of 19 articles showed that the qualified rate of indoor air quality in domestic hospitals was 90%, and the qualified rate of hand hygiene of medical staff was 84%. The qualified rate of object surfaces disinfection was 90%, and the qualified rate of ultraviolet lamp was 95%. The qualified rate of disinfectant in use was 97%, and the qualified rate of pressure steam sterilizer was 98%, while the qualified rate of hospital sewage treatment was 80%. Conclusion In domestic medical institutions, except for hand hygiene of medical staff and medical wastewater, the qualified rates of disinfection in all other monitoring items are all ≥90%.

Objective To investigate and analyze current situation of central sterile supply department(CSSD). Methods A self designed questionnaire was used in this study. The general information, the number of operation, CSSD area、 management model、 equipment、 human resources in CSSD of 3 080 hospitals in 31 provinces (autonomous regions and municipalities) in China were investigated in September 2023. Results A total of 3 080 questionnaires were collected and 3 077 were valid, and the recovery rate was 99.90%. 79.62％ of CSSD was managed by nursing department, and centralized management ratio was 91.19%. Grade III hospital was higher than Grade II hospital, and there were statistical significance between Grade III level A/B hospitals and Grade II/other hospital (P<0.001). Average ratio of CSSD area to bed was 0.78，and average staff total number was 2.27 per 100 beds， while nurses was 74.17% and specialty nurses was 14.83%. The Class III level A hospital has the highest monthly average number of sterilization packs and staff, with 23 521 sterilization packs and 45 staff members, and steam sterilizer was 2.76 every hospital, low temperature hydrogen peroxide sterilizer which increased rapidly was 1.66, automatic washer-disinfector was 2.34, however, automatic endoscope re-processor was 0.52. Conclusion The management model， area, equipment, human resources of CSSD has improved in different extent，but area，human resource of CSSD did not meet the rapid increasing needs.

铜绿假单胞菌是引起医院感染和最具生命威胁的细菌之一，本文对其生物膜的组成、结构和发育过程，常规消毒剂与铜绿假单胞菌生物膜相互作用的研究进行综述。为筛选高效、低毒、方便、经济的新型消毒剂，促进临床护理工作、医院感染控制提供参考。

Objective To study the disinfection effect, corrosive effect on metals and toxicity to experimental animals of a certain compound quaternary ammonium disinfectant with ethylene glycol as antifreeze at low temperature. Methods Under the condition of -18°C, the disinfection effect of 500 mg/L compound quaternary ammonium salt disinfectant was evaluated with incubating the test bacteria for 3, 6 and 9 min, respectively. The corrosion rates of stainless steel, carbon steel, copper and aluminum were evaluated, and the safety toxicology of disinfectants was evaluated by acute oral toxicity test, skin irritation test and acute eye irritation test. Results At -18°C, the killing log values of 500 mg/L disinfectant against Escherichia coli and Staphylococcus aureus on the carrier were 3.46 and > 6.04, respectively. Corrosion rates （mm/a） of stainless steel, carbon steel, copper and aluminum by 500 mg/L disinfectant were 0.003 5, 0.013 8, 0.015 2 and 0.007 5 mm/a, respectively. The acute oral LD₅₀ of 5 times concentration of the disinfectant was > 5 000 mg/（kg·bw） in both male and female mice. It was non-irritating in a complete skin irritation test and acute eye irritation test in rabbits. Conclusion The compound quaternary ammonium salt disinfectant has a strong bactericidal effect at low temperature. It is basically non-corrosive to stainless steel and aluminum, and has good safety.

Objective To analyze the molecular epidemiological characteristics of carbapenem resistant Klebsiella pneumoniae（CRKP）. Methods CRKP strains isolated from the Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region People’s Hospital from March 2022 to March 2023 were selected to conduct drug sensitivity test, pulsed field gel electrophoresis（PFGE）and whole genome sequencing（WGS）. Results A total of 33 strains of CRKP were isolated, of which 81.81% were from sputum samples. CRKP had high resistance to most commonly used antibiotics, and was most sensitive to tigecycline, with a resistance rate of 3.03%. PFGE results showed that 33 strains of CRKP were divided into 26 clusters, of which 8 strains were in the same cluster. After WGS for the 8 strains, the obtained sequences were analyzed by whole genome SNP, and they were homology due to the maximum difference of 22 bases. Conclusion CRKP has been present in a hospital for a long time and has silent transmission. It is necessary to standardize the use of antibiotics, strengthen hospital infection prevention and control measures, and regularly monitor to prevent the outbreak of hospital infections.

Objective To evaluate the implementation of multiple managementindicatorsfor loaned instruments in hospital Central Sterile Supply Department (CSSD) national wide. Method Cross-sectional research literature on the disposal and management of external medical devices in hospitals across the country from January 2010 to September 2023 were retrieved from Chinese and English databases, including PubMed, Cochrane Library, and China National Knowledge Infrastructure. Two researchers independently screened the literature. The quality of literatures were evaluated and the data were extracted. Meta-analysis was performed using Stata 12.0 software. Results A total of 12 articles were included, involving 4 768 hospitals. The Meta-analysis showed that 83% of hospitals had standardized preoperative disposal of loaned instruments, and 55% had standardized postoperative disposal. Additionally, 78% of hospitals implemented information traceability, 58% conducted initial sterilization parameters and effectiveness tests, and 61% had device package weights and volumes meeting specifications. Conclusion There is a low implementation rate of multiple quality management indicators for loaned instruments in CSSD in the country. It is recommended that hospitals adhere to industry standards, strengthen scientific management of external medical devices, and ensure their quality and safety.

目的 比较双链季铵盐、过氧化氢与酒精消毒湿巾对医院物体表面消毒的效果。方法 选择某部队三甲医院疾病预防控制科实验室操作台表面，用3种消毒湿巾对物体表面进行消毒，比较消毒后3 min、1 h、2 h、6 h、7 h不同时间点的消毒效果。结果 3种消毒湿巾在消毒后6 h内均能保持较好的消毒效果，消毒效果差异无统计学意义（P>0.05）。结论 本研究的3种消毒湿巾对物体表面均具有较好的消毒效果，使用时可综合考虑稳定性、价格、消毒对象等因素作出合适选择。

软式内镜在消化道疾病的诊疗中发挥着重要作用，但其相关感染的暴发时有发生，其中终末漂洗水污染问题引起广泛重视。终末漂洗水的质量直接影响软式内镜清洗消毒效果，不合格的终末漂洗水会造成内镜的二次污染，导致内镜消毒灭菌失败。减少终末漂洗水中病原微生物数量是预防软式内镜清洗消毒失败的重要手段之一。本文对软式内镜终末漂洗水的质量和污染现状、影响漂洗水质量的因素以及控制措施进行综述，旨在为今后提升内镜终末漂洗水质量控制及监测水平提供参考。

Objective To explore the current research status and research hotspots of traditional Chinese medicine air disinfectants, so as to analyze existing problems and to predict development trends. Methods Taking the literature on air disinfection of traditional Chinese medicine included in the CNKI database in the past 10 or 20 years as the research object, and using VOS viewer1.6.17 and Cite Space 6.1.R2 as the research tool, the research progress and hotspots of air disinfection of traditional Chinese medicine were visually analyzed. Results “Atractylodes” “Artemisia argyi” “Chinese medicine fumigation” “Chinese medicine boiling” and “new coronavirus pneumonia” were high-frequency keywords, and multiple methods were often combined to achieve effective disinfection. The safety of Chinese medicine disinfectants was superior to common chemical disinfectants, but its composition, dosage form and the mechanism of disinfection and sterilization need to be further explored and studied. Conclusion Traditional Chinese medicine disinfection has good development space in the field of epidemic prevention and control. The development of traditional Chinese medicine disinfectants has great advantages, and the discovery of safe and effective traditional Chinese medicine disinfectants has become a hotspot in the field of disinfection.

Objective To evaluate the qualified rate of Hand Hygiene among medical staff in China, and to understand the quality of hand hygiene among medical staff. Methods A Meta analysis was conducted by collecting literature on hand hygiene surveys among medical staff in China from 2015 to 2023 through major Chinese databases. Results 33 literatures were included, and the overall qualified rate of hand hygiene of medical staff was 87.2%. The qualified rate of hand hygiene was 86.0% for nurses and 81.2% for doctors, the qualified rate was 94.3% for surgical hand and 83.4% for sanitary hand. The qualified rate was 89.3% for the third-grade hospitals and 79.9% for the lower-grade hospitals. Conclusion The qualified rate of hand hygiene among medical staff fluctuates is around 80%, which shows an upward trend.

Objective To observe the distribution of multi-drug resistant organisms (MDRO) in a grade 3A hospital, so as to provide data for prevention policies and measures. Methods Retrospective survey was conducted to monitor and analyze the MDRO infection status and characteristics of hospitalized patients in the hospital from 2018 to 2022. Results A totel of 14 597 strains of pathogenic bacteria were detected in 5 years, among which 2 819 strains of MDRO were isolated, with the detection rate of 19.31%. MDRO was mainly composed of carbapenem resistant strains, and the detection rate of carbapenem resistant Acinetobacter baumannii (CR-AB), methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA), carbapenem resistant Pseudomonas aeruginosa (CR-PA), carbapenem resistant Klebsiella pneumoniae (CR-KPN), and carbapenem resistant Enterobacterium (CRE) was 54.46%, 37.86%, 35.84%, 25.17%, and 12.84%, respectively. The main infection sites caused by MDRO were lower respiratory tract, blood, and urinary tract, accounting for 51.15%, 12.79%, and 12.46%, respectively. Infection mainly occured in ICU, general surgery, and hematology, accounting for 40.33%, 13.44%, and 11.48%, respectively. Conclusions The MDRO detection rate in this hospital is relatively high, however, the infection rate shows a downward trend. It is necessary to strengthen the monitoring and prevention and control management of high-risk departments and high-risk sites of MDRO hospital infection.

Objective To observe the disinfection-related performance of a certain oral mucosal disinfectant and provide scientific basis for practical use. Methods Suspension quantitative bactericidal test and animal test methods were used to observe the disinfection-related performance of a certain oral mucosal disinfectant. Results The disinfectant solution was produced by electrolysis, and its stock solution contained 120 mg/L of available chlorine. The stock solution of the oral mucosa disinfectant acted for 10 s against Escherichia coli, Staphylococcus aureus, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Streptococcus mutans, Porphyromonas gingivalis, Streptococcus beta hemolysis, Candida albicans and Helicobacter pylori in suspension, and the average killing log value were all >5.00; the average killing log value of the stock solution against poliovirus and enterovirus 71 after 30 s of treatment were all >4.00. The stock solution was non-irritating to intact skin and damaged skin, and the acute eye irritation test intensity was non-irritating. Conclusion This oral mucosal disinfectant has a rapid killing effect on a variety of bacterial propagules, viruses and fungi, and it is an actual non-toxic substance and has no irritation to the skin and mucosa.

目的 了解医疗机构软式内镜清洗消毒耗材使用现状，为加强软式内镜清洗消毒管理工作提供参考依据。方法 通过现场调查的方式，对辽宁省部分医疗机构软式内镜清洗消毒管理现状进行调查。结果 在105家医疗机构中，能做到多酶清洗液一用一换者占85.71%，仅有少数医疗机构在使用酶洗剂时加温。清洗内镜终末漂洗用水合格率为49.52%。清洗后内镜干燥用洁净压缩空气合格率为67.62%。该地区医疗机构清洗消毒内镜连续使用的消毒剂更换标准不统一。结论 该地区医疗机构内镜清洗消毒耗材管理不够规范，需要加强规范化管理和强化规范标准执行力。

Objective To verify the removal effect of commonly used peracetic acid disinfectant on biofilms during endoscopic reprocessing. Methods Pseudomonas aeruginosa and polytetrafluoroethylene tubes were used to culture for 5 d to prepare biofilm, and then the biofilm was rinsed with different concentrations of peracetic acid solution for 5, 10, 30 and 60 min to observe its removal effect on biofilm. Results After the biofilm was treated with 2 000 mg/L peracetic acid solution for 60 min, the killing log value of bacteria on the carrier was 3.62, while the average killing log values for other concentrations of peracetic acid solution were all <3.00. Conclusion Peracetic acid disinfectant cannot fully remove biofilm inside polytetrafluoroethylene lumen. When the biofilm accumulates inside the endoscope, direct treatment with peracetic acid without cleaning may lead to disinfection failure.

呼吸机相关性肺炎（VAP）是机械通气患者最常见的医院感染类型，对患者的康复和预后产生严重影响。近年来，口腔护理在预防VAP中的作用引起越来越多的关注。擦拭法、冲洗法、刷牙法等口腔护理方法之间各有优劣，关于不同口腔护理方法对VAP预防效果的循证医学研究较少，且临床实施方法仍存在争议。因此，本文综述VAP的发病机制、口腔护理方法及作用机制等方面的研究进展，总结口腔护理对预防VAP的作用及存在的问题，以探索更优的口腔护理模式。

Objective To establish a suspension quantitative bactericidal test method for Helicobacter pylori so as to determine its resistance to commonly used disinfection factors. Methods Based on the suspension quantitative bactericidal test method, a method for killing Helicobacter pylori was established and its resistance to commonly used disinfectants was observed. Results Brucella agar containing 8% newborn bovine serum was used as culture medium, and the smear inoculation method and microaerobic conditions were used for viable bacterial count culture of Helicobacter pylori. The suspension quantitative test results showed that Helicobacter pylori had slightly lower resistance to commonly used disinfectants such as sodium hypochlorite, iodophor, chlorhexidine gluconate, and quaternary ammonium salts than the standard strain of Escherichia coli. Conclusion The suspension quantitative bactericidal test method for Helicobacter pylori established in this study can be used as a method for evaluating the effectiveness of commonly used disinfection factors in killing this bacterium.

Objective To observe the effect of hydrogen peroxide on controlling microbial contamination daily in dental unit waterlines (DUWL). Methods By using on-site sampling and quantitative bacterial detection methods, the effect of daily disinfection of DUWL with hydrogen peroxide in tooth and dental pulp department of a tertiary stomatology-specialized hospital was observed. Results The average total bacterial count in the untreated diagnosis and treatment water of control group was 1×10⁴ cfu/mL. After daily disinfecting DUWL with a concentration of 30 g/L hydrogen peroxide, the average qualified rates of the hygiene quality of the water samples from three ways syringe, high-speed handpiece, and mouthwash were 80.2%, 83.3%, and 87.5%, respectively. Conclusion Daily disinfection of DUWL with hydrogen peroxide can effectively reduce the bacterial count in oral treatment water and improve the qualified rate of water quality.

Objective To analyze the detection of multidrug-resistant bacteria (MDROs), the current status of infection and the changes of drug resistance in a tertiary hospital for three consecutive years, so as to provide a basis for the prevention and control of MDROs infection and the selection of antimicrobial drugs. Methods A retrospective survey was conducted to analyze the surveillance of 1 456 MDROs detected in hospital inpatients from January 2020 to December 2022. Results A total of 19 770 bacterial culture specimens were sent for testing, and 5 255 positive strains were detected, of which 1 456 strains were MDROs, with a detection rate of 27.71% and an infection incidence rate of 0.28%. The detection rates of carbapenem-resistant Enterobacteriaceae (CRE), carbapenem-resistant Pseudomonas aeruginosa (CRPA) and carbapenem-resistant Acinetobacter baumannii (CRAB) showed an increasing trend (P<0.05). The incidences of CRE, CRPA and methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) infection showed an increasing trend (P<0.05). The resistance of ESBLs-producing E. coli to cefepime and aztreonam showed an upward trend (P<0.05). The resistance of ESBLs-producing Klebsiella pneumoniae to piperacillin, tazobactam, aztreonam, gentamicin, levofloxacin, ciprofloxacin and nitrofurantoin showed an increasing trend (P<0.05). The resistance of CRAB to cefepime showed an upward trend (P=0.043). The resistance of CRPA to meropenem, tobramycin, gentamicin, levofloxacin and ciprofloxacin showed an upward trend (P<0.05). The resistance of MRSA to ceftriaxone showed an upward trend (P=0.018). Conclusion MDROs infection is on rise, and drug resistance is becoming more and more serious, so antimicrobial drugs should be used rationally according to the drug sensitivity results.

Objective To evaluate the effects of different drying and storage methods on flexible endoscopy, and to provide reference for clinical selection of appropriate drying and storage methods. Methods A total of 112 endoscopes were selected by convenient sampling method. After standardized reprocessing steps, the endoscopes were randomly divided into two groups，air gun purging group and ethanol perfusion air gun purging group. The endoscopes were dried for 0.5, 1, 3, 5 min respectively, and then placed in automatic cabinets and standard cabinets，and stored for 0, 3, 12, 24, 48, 72 and 168 h. The qualified condition of endoscope lumen drying was observed by cobalt chloride test paper, and the qualified condition of endoscope disinfection was observed by microbiological monitoring. Results The two groups could not remove all the residual liquid in the endoscope lumen after the endoscope was dried for different time. There was still liquid residue after the endoscope was dried for 0.5 min and stored in the standard cabinet for 168 h. There was no liquid residue after the endoscope was stored in the automatic cabinet for 3 h. Two groups showed positive microbial results after 24 h storage in the standard cabinet, and the positive microbial detection rate after 72 h storage in the automatic cabinet was 0%, and the positive detection rate of the ethanol perfusion air gun purging group was 0% after 168 h storage in the automatic cabinet. Logistic regression analysis showed that alcohol injection air gun purging and drying, automatic cabinet storage and prolonged drying time were protective factors for endoscope disinfection effect. Conclusion Automatic drying storage cabinet can increase the safety of endoscope storage.

目的 观察双层纸塑包装与单层纸塑包装对较重器械灭菌的保护效果，探寻适合较重手术器械有效灭菌的纸塑包装方式。方法 选取某院2023年4—7月口腔科器械骨锤及类似重量器械200件、单封腔镜手术器械200件，分别随机分成对照组和观察组（每组100件）。对照组器械以单层纸塑包装，观察组器械在单层纸塑包装外加包一层纸塑并封口。经压力蒸汽灭菌后，观察各组器械使用前外包装的破损率并分析原因。结果 口腔科器械对照组与观察组外包装的破损率分别为11%和1%，腔镜手术器械对照组与观察组外包装的破损率分别为19%和2%；观察组合格率高于对照组,差异具有统计意义（P<0.001）。结论 采取双层纸塑包装可有效降低较重器械使用前外包装的破损率，有效提升医用纸塑包装器械的使用率，减少医院感染发生。

目前，全球大多数国家的外来骨科器械（包括工具和植入物）是由供应商提供给医疗机构的消毒供应中心（CSSD）进行集中消毒处理后使用，仅有少数国家（日本、苏格兰）颁布了关于骨科外来植入物再处理的禁令。骨科手术所需的植入物螺钉结构复杂，通常被来回传递、反复送消，存在安全隐患。本文总结了目前骨科植入物螺钉再处理存在的问题，分析了CSSD清洗消毒、包装和灭菌环节存在的不足。针对不足提出CSSD骨科螺钉再处理过程应严格按供应商提供的说明书及行业标准执行，优化清洗方法，减少螺钉送消次数，实施独立包装，科学监测质量，以及实施多学科多科室协作管理模式等建议，为进一步提高骨科螺钉再处理质量和手术安全提供对策依据。

医务人员手是医院感染的主要传播途径，医院感染暴发与手卫生执行不到位密切相关。正确的手卫生是预防和控制接触性新发疾病最简单、最经济最实用的方法，同时也是保障患者和医务人员安全的重要途径。本文基于国内外手卫生依从性的研究现状，综合归纳了手卫生依从性的监测方法以及多模式的手卫生改善策略，并分析了手卫生在医疗相关性感染防控中的重要作用，以期帮助医务人员理解手卫生的重要性，提醒其增强手卫生意识，进而全面提高我国医疗机构手卫生管理水平，为降低医院感染发生率提供支持。