ObjectiveTo investigate the teratogenic toxicity of a new quaternary ammonium salt disinfectant on animals and provide a basis for its safety in use. Methods Animal experiments were conducted to observe the teratogenic toxicity of a new quaternary ammonium salt disinfectant. Results During the experimental period, no maternal toxicity was observed in the different dose groups of the new quaternary ammonium salt disinfectant. There was no statistically significant difference in the effects of the test substance on the formation of rat embryos, the appearance and bones of fetuses, and visceral development of fetuses compared to the negative control group (P>0.05). The weight of fetal rats in the medium-dose group [150 mg/（kg·bw）] and the weight and tail length of fetal rats in the high-dose group [500 mg/ （kg·bw）] of the new quaternary ammonium salt disinfectant were more than those in the negative control group, but there was no actual biological significance. Conclusion Under the conditions of this experiment, no observed adverse effect level is observed in the teratogenic test of the quaternary ammonium salt disinfectant, and the teratogenic index is equal to 10, indicating that it is basically non teratogenic.
Objective To study the influence of different sampling methods on the detection results of bacteria on the surface of hard objects. Methods Bacterial solutions of 104 cfu/mL of Staphylococcus aureus and Pseudomonas aeruginosa were selected to stain the surface of stainless steel, with a bacterial area of 100 cm2. Swab sampling method, Petrifilm method and carrier imprinting method were used to sample at normal temperature and low temperature, respectively. After incubation at 37℃ for 48 h, the bacterial colonies were counted and compared. Results The total numbers of bacteria detected by the three sampling methods for Staphylococcus aureus and Pseudomonas aeruginosa on the surface of hard objects were statistically significant (P<0.001) under normal and low temperature conditions. The total number of colonies detected by Petrifilm method was the highest, followed by carrier imprinting method, and swab sampling method was the lowest. Conclusion Under normal and low temperature conditions, the Petrifilm method and carrier imprinting method have higher detection rate of pathogenic bacteria on the surface of hard objects.
Objective To observe the applicability and influencing factors of the contact dish method in detecting microorganisms on the surface of environmental objects. Methods Bacterial quantitation detection was used to observe the application effect of contact dish method in detecting microorganisms on the surface of environmental objects. Results The average recovery rate of bacterial count on the surface of 6 flat material carriers using the contact dish method was 83.96%, which was higher than the recovery rate (76.48%) of surface bacteria using the cotton swab wiping method. T (P>0.05). When the bacterial count on the surface of object was >100 cfu/25 cm2, the cotton swab wiping method was more optimal. Conclusion When the bacterial count on the surface of object is <100 cfu/25 cm2, the contact dish method is superior to the cotton swab wiping method; while the bacterial count on the surface of object is >100 cfu/25 cm2, the cotton swab wiping method is more optimal.
Objective To observe the effect of two disinfection methods on air disinfection in dental clinics. Methods The plate settling method and air sampler method were used to compare and observe the effect of two air disinfection methods on air disinfection in dental clinics. Results The plasma disinfection machine was used to disinfect the air in the dental clinics, and the number of bacteria detected was significantly lower than that of the ultraviolet lamp disinfection method. The number of bacteria captured by the plate settling method was lower than that of the air sampler method. Conclusion The plasma disinfection machine has a better disinfection effect on indoor air in dental clinics than that of ultraviolet lamp.
Objective To observe the prevention and control effect of chlorhexidine gluconate ethanol disinfection on surgical site infections in patients undergoing interventional surgery. Methods 2 496 patients who underwent interventional surgery in a hospital were selected as the research subjects and randomly divided into a control group and an intervention group. The control group was washed with warm physiological saline, while the intervention group was given chlorhexidine gluconate ethanol for disinfection on the basis of the control group. The disinfection effect, surgical site infection, and pathogenic bacteria of the two groups of patients were compared. Results In the control group of 1 248 patients who underwent interventional surgery, 61 cases of surgical site infection occurred after surgery, with an infection rate of 4.89%; In the intervention group of 1 248 cases, 28 cases of surgical site infection occurred after surgery, with an infection rate of 2.24%, and the difference was statistically significant (P<0.05). A total of 58 pathogenic bacteria were detected, including 31 strains of Gram-negative bacteria, 24 strains of Gram-positive bacteria, and 3 strains of fungi, with composition ratios of 53.45%, 41.38%, and 5.17%, respectively. Conclusion Chlorhexidine gluconate ethanol can be used for skin scrubbing and disinfection of surgical sites in patients undergoing interventional surgery, which can reduce the occurrence of surgical site infection.
Objective To observe the accuracy of membrane filtration method and agar pouring method in detecting the bacterial content in humidified water of neonatal incubators. Methods Bacterial quantitative detection method was used to observe the accuracy of two inoculation methods in detecting bacteria in humidified water of neonatal incubators. Results A total of 1 493 samples of humidified water in the water tanks of incubators were collected for one week. The bacterial detection rate of the membrane filtration method was 23.71%, and the bacterial detection rate of the pouring method was 15.74%. The difference in bacterial detection rates between the two groups was statistically significant (P<0.05). Conclusion The bacterial detection in humidified water of neonatal incubators should be carried out using the membrane filtration method for inoculation and cultivation.
Objective To understand the risk points of infection control in private medical cosmetology institutions in Shanghai. Methods 23 private medical cosmetology institutions were selected through stratified sampling, and the current status of infection control related work in medical cosmetology institutions was investigated through on-site inspections, personal interviews, and questionnaires. Results The medical cosmetology institutions under investigation were mainly outpatient department (73.91%), and more than 60% were located in office buildings or shops along the street. 19 medical cosmetology institutions were equipped with operating rooms, and 94.44% of them conducted preoperative three tests for infectious diseases; 82.61% of them were equipped with 1~2 employees in CSSD or disinfection room. All these institutions were equipped with disinfection equipment and various disinfectants, but there were cases of irregular use; Less than half of the institutions met the requirements for the setting of medical waste collection points, transportation routes and disinfection records, and more than half of the institutions had irregular medical sewage monitoring. Conclusion There are some defects in infection control in private medical cosmetology institutions in Shanghai, and the management of operating room, cleaning and sterilization of medical devices, daily environmental disinfection, waste and sewage management are risk point of infection control.
Objective To investigate the distribution of pathogens causing catheter-related bloodstream infections (CRBSI) in patients undergoing interventional treatment for intracranial aneurysms, and to construct a warning model. Methods A total of 264 patients undergoing interventional treatment for intracranial aneurysms in our hospital from October 2023 to March 2024 were included as the study objects. They were divided into a CRBSI group (n=26) and a non-CRBSI group (n=238) based on whether they occurred CRBSI. The pathogenic bacteria in the CRBSI group were analyzed. Independent risk factors for the occurrence of CRBSI were screened using logistic regression analysis, and a nomogram model was constructed based on these risk factors. Results The incidence of CRBSI in this study was 9.85%. A total of 41 strains of pathogenic bacteria were isolated in the CRBSI group, and most of them were Gram-negative bacteria (60.97%), including Klebsiella pneumoniae and Acinetobacter baumannii. Logistic regression analysis showed that age≥60 years, catheter retention≥7 days, hospital stay≥7 days, history of diabetes, skin edema at puncture site, use of antibiotics, and albumin level≥35 g/L were the independent risk factors for CRBSI. ROC curve analysis showed that AUC of the nomogram model was 0.916 (95% CI: 0.849~0.982), with a sensitivity of 93.75% and a specificity of 83.71%. Conclusion The constructed nomogram model in this study has high accuracy in predicting the occurrence of CRBSI in patients undergoing interventional treatment for intracranial aneurysms, providing effective reference for early identification of high-risk patients and taking preventive measures.
Objective To develop a questionnaire for assessing bladder spasm symptoms in children with indwelling catheterization and verify its reliability and validityand. Methods The initial item pool of this study was determined through literature review and Delphi expert consultation. A total of 250 children aged 5 years old and above and 150 children under 5 years old who were admitted to a level-A tertiary hospital with indwelling catheters from February 2019 to December 2020 were selected as the research subjects. Consultation and surveys were conducted to determine the reliability and validity of the questionnaire. Results Two questionnaires were prepared, one of which for children under 5 years old. Two common factors were extracted by exploratory factor analysis to explain 73.101% of the total variation, and the Cronbach's α coefficient of the questionnaire was 0.913, and the validities of each dimension were 0.930 and 0.854, respectively. The reliability of the questionnaire was 0.888, and the reliability of each item was 0.80~1.00; The other was for children over 5 years old, including 7 items in one dimension. The Cronbach's α coefficient of the questionnaire was 0.936, and the reliability of the questionnaire was 0.86, and the reliability of each item was 0.80~1.00. Conclusion The development process of the questionnaire is scientific and has good reliability and validity, which can be used to effectively evaluate bladder spasm symptoms in children with indwelling catheterization to a certain extent.
Objective To understand the disinfection quality of transport vehicles and isolation sites under the closed-loop management of inbound charter flights in Lanzhou New Area during the epidemic of COVID-19, so as to provide a basis for improving the closed-loop disease prevention and control management of inbound charter flights. Methods A questionnaire survey and disinfection effect monitoring method were used to evaluate and analyze the disinfection quality of inbound personnel transport vehicles and centralized isolation point guest rooms in Lanzhou New Area during the epidemic. Results During the epidemic, Lanzhou New Area had undertaken a total of 25 inbound charter flights, with 5 489 passengers and 264 positive nucleic acid tests. A total of 13 079 times of preventive disinfections and 989 times of disinfections for infectious focus were carried out, with a disinfection execution rate of 100%. A total of 76 413 samples of different disinfection objects were collected and tested, with a qualified rate of disinfection 99.85%. Among different disinfection objects, the qualified rates of indoor air, object surfaces, and sewage disinfection were 99.39%, 99.91%, and 82.29%, respectively. Conclusion During the epidemic, the closed-loop management and disinfection of inbound charter flights in Lanzhou New Area are standardized and orderly, with reasonable technical solution and good disinfection effect.
Objective To understand the current situation of disinfection and sterilization management of instruments in private dental specialty medical institutions in a city of Liaoning Province, to identify weak links, and propose targeted management measures so as to reduce the risk of hospital infection, improve the quality of dental diagnosis and treatment, and ensure the safety of patients seeking medical treatment. Methods According to the Technical Operation Standard for Disinfection and Sterilization of Oral Instruments, a questionnaire was designed to investigate the management status of disinfection and sterilization of instruments in 671 dental medical institutions randomly selected in the city. Results The qualified rates of disinfection and sterilization management of instruments in these dental specialized medical institutions were mostly more than 90%, and the qualified rate of oral clinics was slightly lower than that of large-scale medical institutions above the outpatient department, of which the qualified rates of chemical monitoring, biological monitoring and sterilization cycle records of pressure steam sterilizers were less than 90%. Conclusion The overall management of disinfection and sterilization of instruments in private dental specialty medical institutions in the city is good, but it is necessary to strengthen the management of disinfection and sterilization in dental clinics, especially the use of pressure steam sterilizers.
Objective To understand the current status of disinfection quality in medical institutions in Chengdu and to provide reference to for strengthening disinfection management in medical institutions. Methods On-site sampling and testing methods were used to monitor and analyze the disinfection quality of different levels of medical institutions in Chengdu. Results A total of 1 057 samples of different disinfection objects were collected, and the overall average qualified rate of disinfection quality in medical institutions in Chengdu was 93.76%. The qualified rates of disinfection quality in tertiary, secondary, and primary hospitals were 95.97%, 89.23%, and 94.17%, respectively. Among different monitoring objects, the qualified rate of pressure steam sterilizers was 100%, while the qualified rate of hospital sewage treatment quality was 75%, and the qualified rate of indoor air disinfection quality was 78.26%. Conclusion The overall disinfection and sterilization quality of medical institutions at all levels in Chengdu is good, but the qualified rate of hospital sewage and indoor air disinfection quality is significantly low. It is necessary to strengthen the disinfection management of medical institutions.
Objective To investigate the infection characteristics and drug resistance of carbapenem resistant Enterobacteriaceae (CRE) in patients in intensive care unit (ICU) of a hospital. Methods A retrospective analysis was conducted to investigate and analyze the characteristics and drug resistance of CRE infection in ICU patients of a hospital. Results A total of 968 strains of Enterobacteriaceae were detected from specimens of ICU inpatients in the hospital for five consecutive years, including 414 strains of CRE, accounting for 42.8% of the isolated strains. The CRE strains were mainly isolated from sputum, urine, and blood samples, with sputum samples accounting for as much as 76.8%. The proportion of Klebsiella pneumoniae detected in Enterobacteriaceae was as high as 95.4%, followed by Serratia marcescens (1.7%) and Escherichia coli (1.2%). The isolated strains were highly resistant to β - lactam and carbapenem antibiotics, but were sensitive to tigecycline and cefotaxime/avibactam. Conclusion The proportion of CRE detected in the specimens of ICU patients in this hospital is relatively high, indicating severe drug resistance. The intensity of the use of carbapenems should be strictly controlled and monitoring should be strengthened.
Objective To understand the status of hepatitis C virus (HCV) infection in hemodialysis patients and provide guidance for effective prevention and control of post-dialysis infections. Methods Epidemiological survey method was conducted to investigate and analyze the HCV infection status of 182 hemodialysis patients in a hospital's blood purification center, and to evaluate the risk of hospital infection. Results The HCV incidence rate among dialysis patients in the blood purification center was 0.55%. The key points of nosocomial infection risk management included systems, personnel, processes, and environment. Hemodialysis machines and medical personnel's hands were high-risk areas. The weak links were screening of infection indicators for dialysis patients, implementation of standard prevention measures, and equipment cleaning and disinfection. Conclusion There are many risk factors for hospital acquired HCV infection in dialysis patients in this blood purification center, and comprehensive control measures should be taken to control the occurrence of infection.
Objective To understand the current situation of flexible endoscope reprocessing in hospitals and provide reference for further standardizing the quality of endoscopic reprocessing. Methods A convenient sampling questionnaire survey was used to investigate and analyze the management and quality status of flexible endoscope reprocessing in 58 central sterile supply departments (CSSD) of hospitals in Shanghai. Results Among the 58 hospitals surveyed, 34 CSSDs of hospitals carried out reprocessing work for flexible endoscope. Among these 34 hospitals, 29 hospitals had endoscopic reprocessing management systems and operating procedures, and 15 hospitals had corresponding professional positions, and 30 hospitals carried out quality monitoring of endoscopic cleaning. Conclusion Hospitals that carry out endoscope reprocessing can follow professional standards and implement cleaning and disinfection process for flexible endoscope to ensure the quality of flexible endoscope reprocessing.
Objective To understand the microbial pollution of drinking water in primary and secondary schools in Zhangjiagang City, and to provide basis for ensuring the safety of drinking water for students. Methods A total of 381 drinking water samples from primary and secondary schools in the city were collected by random sampling and detected forbial indicators by bacterial quantitative detection method. Results The overall average qualified rate of microbial indicators was 60.63%, and the qualified rate of total coliform group was 99.21%. The qualified rate of microbial indicators of drinking water in public schools was 62.99%, and that in private schools was 43.48%; The qualified rate of direct drinking water was 63.50% and the qualified rate of barrel water was 43.64%. Conclusion The low pass rate of drinking water quality in primary and secondary schools suggests that the quality of drinking water needs to be improved.
Objective To summarize and apply the evidence on the cleaning of metal tube instruments with suction head, improve the awareness of relevant knowledge of tube instrument cleaning among staff, increase the execution rate of evidence application, and reduce the first backwash rate. Methods The best evidences for cleaning metal tube instruments with suction head were screened, and an evidence-based practice plan was developed. The best evidence application strategy was constructed by conducting baseline review and analyzing obstacles. The plan was implemented in a tertiary specialized hospital in Guangzhou from May 2023 to November 2023. The execution rate of review indicators before and after evidence application, the relevant knowledge level of staff on tube instrument cleaning, and the first backwash rate of metal tube instruments with suction head were compared. Results After the application of evidence, the execution rate of 11 out of 18 review indicators reached 100%. The score for knowledge related to cleaning of tube instruments had increased from (70.8 ± 7.66) points before evidence application to (91.92 ± 5.67) points after evidence application. The first backwash rate of metal tube instruments with suction head decreased from 8.5% to 1.0%, and the differences were statistically significant (P<0.05). Conclusion The application of evidence on the cleaning of metal tube instruments with suction head can standardize the practical operation of staff, improve the quality of cleaning, and reduce the rate of first backwash.
