达芬奇机器人手术系统现已广泛应用于外科微创手术，与之配套的机器人手术复用器械的清洗、消毒、保养和管理工作日趋重要。由于达芬奇机器人手术复用器械具有价格昂贵（部分器械有限定使用寿命）、精密程度高、结构复杂和材质特殊等特点，如何安全、高效地完成机器人手术器械的清洗、消毒再处理工作，对医疗机构提出了更高的要求。本文阐述了目前国内外广泛使用的达芬奇机器人手术器械清洗、消毒、保养和管理方法，以及注意事项、新进展，以帮助各医疗机构管理人员和洗消人员根据自身特色、设备设施现状，因地制宜选择最适合的达芬奇机器人手术器械的清洗、消毒、保养和管理方法，更好地预防医院感染发生，确保医患安全。

Objective To study the residual of ethylene oxide and 2-chloroethanol in medical devices. Methods Thirteen kinds of polymer materials commonly used in medical devices were sterilized, and ethylene oxide and 2-chloroethanol residues were tested by gas chromatography without analysis.After 3, 5 and 7 days of analysis, the effects of ethylene oxide residue and resolution rate, as well as the effects of extraction temperature, time and chloride ion concentration on the detection of 2-chloroethanol were detected. Results No 2-chloroethanol was detected in any of the 13 materials after sterilization. Acrylonitrile-styrene-butadiene copolymer (ABS), polyurethane and polyvinyl chloride ethylene oxide residues were 632.27, 577.66 and 524.53 μg/g, respectively, while silicone rubber and fluoroplastics had fewer residues of 5.34 and 72.73 μg/g, respectively. There was a significant difference in the resolution rate of different materials, and the resolution rate of fluoroplastics and polyetheramide block copolymers was the fastest, with 100.00% and 98.34%, respectively. The concentration of chloride ions had an effect on the detection of 2-chloroethanol. Conclusion Medical device companies should conduct specific analysis of the selected materials at the beginning of product design, and reduce ethylene oxide residues by controlling sterilization and analysis conditions if necessary, while the control of 2-chloroethanol residues may not be necessary.

Objective To study the sustained antibacterial effects of three single chain quaternary ammonium salts against Candida albicans and to provide theoretical support for screening antibacterial products. Methods The carrier sustained antibacterial test method was used to compare and observe the sustained antibacterial effects of three kinds of quaternary ammonium salts: bromine, chlorine, and carbonate. Results Bromine, chlorine, and carbonate quaternary ammonium salts were all used with an active substance concentration of 2 000 mg/L, and their sustained antibacterial time against Candida albicans on the carrier reached 95, 95, and 59 d, respectively. Within the antibacterial validity period, the bacterial reduction rate was still maintained at ≥90%. The antibacterial effect of bromine and chlorine quaternary ammonium salts lasted longer than that of carbonate quaternary ammonium salts significantly. Conclusion All three kinds of quaternary ammonium salts have good sustained antibacterial effects, with bromine and chlorine quaternary ammonium salts having longer sustained antibacterial effects.

Objective To investigate the disinfection effect and influencing factors of LED ultraviolet disinfection device. Methods Using the carrier quantitative bactericidal test method, the bactericidal effect and influencing factors of LED ultraviolet disinfection device were observed. Results The LED ultraviolet disinfection device was equipped with 54 UV chips with wavelengths ranging from 270 to 280 nm. After 60 s of irradiation, Escherichia coli and Staphylococcus aureus on glass slide were completely killed; the killing rate of Candida albicans on glass slide could reach 99.99% after 30 s of irradiation; the killing rate of spores of Bacillus subtilis var niger on glass slide could reach 99.99% after 120 s of irradiation; the log value of inactivated infection titer of poliovirus on glass slide was 5.10 after 90 s of irradiation. Factors such as the carrier material, irradiation distance, radiation dose, organic matter, and moisture had impacts on the disinfection effect of LED ultraviolet disinfection device. Conclusion The LED ultraviolet disinfection device can effectively kill bacterial propagules, viruses, and bacterial spores, but its disinfection effect is influenced by many factors.

Objective To observe the antibacterial activity and safety of a compound biological disinfectant containing antimicrobial peptide (AMP) and polyhexamethylene biguanide (PHMB) as main components. Methods Suspension quantitative bactericidal test and animal test methods were used to observe the antibacterial activity and safety of the compound biological disinfectant. Results When incubated with the compound biological disinfectant for 1 min, the average killing log value of the disinfectant for Staphylococcus aureus, Escherichia coil and Pseudomonas aeruginosa were >5.0, and that were >4.0 for Candida albicans. The LD₅₀ value of the disinfectant for mice was >5 000 mg / (kg • bw), which belonged to a practical non-toxic level. The original solution of the disinfectant had no irritating effect to the intact skin and mucous membranes of rabbits. Conclusion The compound biological disinfectant has good antibacterial effect and biological safety.

Objective To evaluate the long-acting disinfection effect of polyhexamethylene biguanide hydrochloride disinfectant, and to provide a reference basis for the establishment of evaluation method for the long-acting disinfection effect of disinfectants in China. Methods Referring to the evaluation method of British standard PAS 2424, the killing effect of disinfectant samples with different concentrations on bacterial propagules and pathogenic yeasts was observed. Results This disinfectant sample had the best long-acting disinfection effect on Escherichia coli, followed by the long-acting disinfection effect on Staphylococcus aureus and Pseudomonas aeruginosa, and the worst long-acting disinfection effect on Candida albicans, and the difference was statistically significant (P<0.05).Conclusion The polyhexamethylene biguanide hydrochloride disinfectant sample has a 24 h long-acting disinfection effect on Escherichia coli and Staphylococcus aureus.

Objective To observe the disinfection effect of hydrogen peroxide on object surface and indoor air. Methods Field simulation and field evaluation test were applied to evaluate the disinfection effect of hydrogen peroxide on object surface and indoor air. Results The killing log valve was > 3.00 for Escherichia coli and Staphylococcus aureus standard strains with 35 g/L hydrogen peroxide for disinfection of 15 min. The average killing rate of natural bacteria on objects surface was above 90% with 105 g/L hydrogen peroxide for disinfection of 30 min at food production workshop，and the disinfection effect of natural bacteria of indoor air reached the qualified level by aerosol spraying for exposure of 30 min. Conclusion Spraying and aerosol spraying with hydrogen peroxide disinfectant are effective on object surface and indoor air disinfection.

Objective To observe the weight change and occurrence of wet packs before and after pressure steam sterilization, so as to provide a basis for the judgment of wet packs. Methods A random block design was adopted to assemble the reusable orthopedic instruments to be sterilized in the orthopedics department of a hospital from August to October 2022. They were randomly packed with cotton cloth, non-woven fabrics, hard containers or new textile materials in accordance with the specifications, then the packs were sterilized by pressure steam. With the same procedure, weight of packs before sterilization and within 5 min after sterilization were weighed up. and wet packs were checked for after cooling for 30 min. All packs were repeatedly sterilized for 40 times, and the incidence rate of wet pack cases and the weight reduction rate after sterilization were calculated. Results There is no statistically significant difference among the four types of packaging materials in the incidence rate of wet pack cases after sterilization (χ²=3.490，P=0.322). Wet packs occurred in 26 cases after 160 sterilization operations, There were 13 cases with weight increasing and the weight increase rate was >0.2% in a case, while the weight of non-wet packages did not increase. The weight reduction rates of wet packs after sterilization in four types of materials packages were all smaller than those of non-wet packs (P<0.05). Conclusion There is no significant difference in the wet pack incidence rate of four packaging materials. Using the weight increase of the package after sterilization as a wet pack criterion still needs further exploration and verification.

Objective To study the disinfection effect and influencing factors of a photocatalytic disinfection machine on the air and surface of objects in an mist chamber under experimental conditions. Methods Air disinfection simulation field experiments and carrier quantitative killing test methods were used to observe the disinfection effect of a certain photocatalytic disinfection machine on laboratory air, fabric, and flat carrier. The method of comparing the number of bacterial colonies in each group using plate staining was used to explore whether there are disinfection factors produced in the air. Results The main disinfection factor of this photocatalytic disinfection machine was titanium dioxide, supplemented by metals such as rhodium and silver as photocatalysts. Under broad-spectrum ultraviolet irradiation and circulating wind conditions, the killing rate of Staphylococcus albus in air reached over 99.90% after 30 min of disinfection. Increasing the circulating air volume to 2 h, resulted in a 38.36% killing rate of Staphylococcus aureus on the fabric, but did not achieve the disinfection effect. The killing rates of Staphylococcus aureus on the agar plate after 4, 6, and 8 h of disinfection were 93.17%, 95.36%, and 97.06%, respectively. Conclusion The photocatalytic disinfection machine has a good disinfection effect on air in aerosol chamber, and the disinfection efficiency is positively correlated with the circulating air volume.

Objective To study the antibacterial performance of a copper-based nanomaterial and the factors affecting its antibacterial effect, and to explore the the possibility of its practical application. Methods The film pasting method was used to test the antibacterial performance of the copper-based nanomaterial against Staphylococcus aureus and Escherichia coli, and the effects of organic interference, temperature and humidity changes, chemical neutralization and other conditions on the antibacterial performance of the material were studied. Results The killing logarithmic values of Staphylococcus aureus and Escherichia coli on the surface of the copper-based nanomaterial were >6.71 and >6.37 respectively when the nanomaterial was treated at 37℃ and a relative humidity of 90% humidity for 1 h. Using Staphylococcus aureus as the indicator bacterium, the killing logarithmic value decreased to 5.87 when 3% BSA was added; under the conditions of reducing temperature 20℃，90% and humidity 37℃，30%, the killing logarithmic values decreased to 2.78 and 3.59, respectively; after using D/E neutralizer, the killing logarithmic value decreased to 4.15.Conclusion This copper-based nanomaterial has good antibacterial performance, but organic interference and changes in environmental temperature and humidity can affect its bactericidal effect, and the use of neutralizers during evaluation will also directly affect the test results.

聚维酮碘（povidone iodine, PVP-I）是一种广谱、高效的杀菌剂，已有60多年的应用史。本文综述了PVP-I的结构特性、杀灭病毒机制、抗药性、安全性、常用剂型等，并总结了近两年临床实验结果，表明通过口腔含漱、鼻腔冲洗等方式，PVP-I液体制剂能显著降低呼吸道病毒载量，减缓和控制病毒传播，缩短康复周期。

Objective To observe the disinfection efficacy and corrosiveness to metals of a compact catalytic ozone generator on air and object surface in enclosed spaces. Methods Quantitative carrier tests and on-site tests were carried out to observe the disinfection effect and metal corrosion of an ozone disinfection device. Results The killing rate of the ozone disinfection device on Staphylococcus albus in air was 99.99% with 10 mg/m³ ozone for 30 min. For fabric carriers acted with 10 mg/m³ ozone, the killing logarithmic values were >3.00 against Escherichia coli for 40 min and against Staphylococcus aureus for 120 min. For Bacillus subtilis var. niger spores on the paper carrier, the killing logarithmic values were >3.00 with 30 mg/m³ ozone for 3 h. After being treated with ozone 20 mg/m³ for 20 cycles, totaling 60 h, minimal corrosion was observed on stainless steel, carbon steel, copper, and aluminum. Conclusion The ozone disinfection device can be used for air and object surface disinfection at room temperature, achieving highly effective disinfection. It can achieve efficient disinfection of paper bacterial carriers and has little corrosive effect on metals.

Objective To observe the bacteriostasis potency of 13 individual antimicrobial agents and 6 compound liquids against Burkholderia cepacia. Methods The tube suspension method was used to monitor the survival of Burkholderia cepacia in various individual antimicrobial agents and compound liquids. Results Among the 13 commonly used individidual antimicrobial agents, a 2.0% solution of 1, 2-hexanediol and a 0.08% dodecyl dimethyl benzyl ammonium chloride incubating for 0.5 h, 0.15% methylparaben inccubating for 24 h, and 0.10% ethylparaben incubating for 1 h, the killing log value for Burkholderia cepacia decreased by ≥5.0, and the killing log values of other individual components were ≤ 3.0 after incubationg for 28 d. The number of bacteria in the test system of 0.15% ethylparaben, 0.08% and 0.12% cetylpyridine chloride could still increase when the number of bacteria in the system < 10 cfu/mL. The bacteriostasis efficacy of 0.05% caprylhydroxamic acid + 0.15% p-hydroxyacetophenone and 0.13% dodecyl dimethyl benzyl ammonium chloride + 0.06% cetylpyridine chloride did not meet the ISO 11930 “Evaluation of the antimicrobial protection of a cosmetic product”requirements, and the bacteriostasis efficacy of the other four compounds met the requirements. Conclusion The bacteriostasis potency of individual antimicrobial agents against Burkholderia cepacia can be enhanced by specific compounding.

Objective To observe the disinfection efficacy of a plasma disinfection module on object surfaces, and to provide scientific basis for practical disinfection application. Methods The disinfection efficacy of a certain plasma disinfection module on object surfaces was experimentally observed with simulated field disinfection test method. Results When the plasma generator module was irradiated for 10 min from the vertical height of 1.5 cm above the surface, the mean killing logarithm values of Candida albicans and Bacillus subtilis var. niger spores on the surface were 2.28 and 1.90, respectively. After irradiation and disinfection for 2 min, the logarithm killing values of Escherichia coli, Staphylococcus aureus and Pseudomonas aeruginosa on the surfaces of objects were all > 3.00. Conclusion The plasma generator module has a good killing effect on vegetative forms of bacteria, and poor killing effect on fungi and bacterial spores when irradiated at colse range.

2022年国家卫生健康委员会医院管理研究所建立了消毒供应质量控制指标体系，运用3个级别指标从不同管理维度对复用医疗器械再处理各流程环节进行质量控制，并取得了良好效果。本文以案例介绍、问题分析和处理措施为框架，介绍了某医院消毒供应中心在设备设施定期维护、器械清洗、器械包装、包外湿包和包内湿包控制方面有效落实该质量控制指标体系的实践经验，为促进消毒供应质量控制工作更加科学合理提供参考。

Objective To compare the killing effects of nine commonly used disinfectants on attenuated Mycobacterium bovis, Bacillus anthracis attenuated strains spores and Brucella spp attenuated strains. Methods The suspension qualitative bactericidal test was used to detect the effect of 84 disinfectant, 0.5% iodophor, 50% dibromohydantoin, 30% hydrogen peroxide solution, 75% ethanol, 50% carbolic acid, 0.2% chlorhexidine, 3% benzalkonium bromide and 2% glutaraldehydee on three bacteria for 5 and 45 min, respectively. Bacterial culture method was used to evaluate the killing effect of each disinfectant. Results 0.55% 84 disinfectant, 0.5% iodophor, 3% hydrogen peroxide solution, 75% ethanol and 2% glutaraldehyde could effectively kill attenuated Mycobacterium bovis after 5 min, while 0.1% dibromohain and 0.3% benzalammonium bromide had no obvious killing effect even if time was extended to 45 min. Similarly, 0.55% 84 disinfectant solution, 0.5% iodophor and 3% hydrogen peroxide solution had a certain efficacy on Bacillus anthracis attenuated strains spores only when incubating for a long time. 75% ethanol, 5% carbonic acid, 0.2% chlorhexidine and 0.3% benzalammonium bromide could not completely kill Bacillus anthracis spores incubating for 45 min. Conclusions 75% ethanol and 0.55% 84 disinfectant have good killing effect on attenuated Mycobacterium bovis and Brucella spp attenuated strains, but have no obvious killing effect on Bacillus anthracis attenuated strain spores.

222 nm紫外线通过破坏DNA有效杀灭微生物；与254 nm紫外线不同之处在于，222 nm紫外线能够被蛋白质吸收，在辐照到DNA前已被蛋白质耗尽，从而避免了对皮肤和眼睛造成危害。然而，222 nm紫外线消毒产物，如蛋白质变性和环丁烷嘧啶二聚体（CPD）增加等原始证据未见有报道。在充分阐明消杀原理前，使用222 nm紫外线进行消毒仍需要遵守相关规范，以确保消毒的安全性和有效性。

Objective To explore the distribution of pathogens and risk factors of neonatal hospital infections. Methods A retrospective survey was conducted on 1 569 newborns in the neonatal ward of a certain hospital from January 2021 to December 2022. Hospital clinical medical records and pathogen isolation and identification results of blood, sputum and umbilical secretions were collected, and the univariate analysis and multivariate logistic regression analysis were used to identify the risk factors for nosocomial infection in newborns. Results The incidence rate of nosocomial infection was 4.91%, mainly respiratory tract （50.65%）, followed by urinary tract infection. A total of 85 pathogenic strains were detected in 77 children with nosocomial infection, mainly Gram-negative bacteria（60.2%）, among which Escherichia coli had the highest proportion （47.05%）. The proportion of Staphylococcus hemolyticus in Gram positive bacteria was the highest （9.41%）. Multivariate logistic regression analysis showed that gestational age < 37 weeks, having three or more underlying diseases, hospital stay of≥7 d, amniotic fluid contamination, mechanical ventilation, feeding intolerance, mechanical ventilation and feeding intolerance were independent risk factors for neonatal nosocomial infection. Conclusions Neonatal nosocomial infection is mainly respiratory tract infection, and pathogenic bacteria are common with Gram-negative bacteria. Effective prevention and control measures should be taken especially for high risk factors to reduce the nosocomial infection rate.

支气管镜作为辅助呼吸道疾病治疗及诊断的可复用医疗器械，精密程度高，结构复杂，对其清洗、消毒、存储及保养具有挑战性。随着支气管镜相关医院感染事件发生增多，相关防控工作需要被更加重视。本文对目前国内外支气管镜医院感染现状进行综述，分析了相关感染风险因素，并从支气管镜清洗消毒流程、干燥过程及存储方式、定期维修和保养计划、微生物监测、标准预防、流程与质量管理、感染控制策略7个方面总结并提出了相关感染防控措施补充建议，为医疗机构管理人员结合科室仪器设备和环境设施条件，因地制宜地选择最适宜的支气管镜防控管理措施及手段提供参考依据。

Objective To study the disinfection effect of a plasma air disinfection machine on indoor air under occupied (dynamic) and unmanned (static) conditions. Methods A plasma air disinfection machine was used in a kindergarten classroom to disinfect indoor air under occupied and unmanned conditions, and the planktonic bacteria, settling bacteria, particles and microorganisms load in indoor air before and after disinfection were compared to comprehensively assess the disinfection effect of the plasma. Results In unmanned room, the extinction rate of indoor air was more than 90% after 60 min of disinfection; in occupied room, the extinction rate of indoor air was still more than 50% despite continuous air pollution due to human activities. Regardless of whether there were people indoors or not, the settling bacteria, particles and microorganisms load in air were decreased after disinfection. Conclusion The plasma air disinfection machine can effectively eliminated bacteria and particles in air, and can be used in occupied room. It provides an effective disinfection method for preventing the indoor spread of airborne diseases.

Objective To compare the resistance of phage Phi-X174 and Staphylococcus albus to ultraviolet light in aerosol state, and to explore the possibility of phage Phi-X174 as an indicator microorganism for the evaluation of the disinfection effect of air viruses. Methods The reproducibility of the killing rates of two microorganisms by a UV disinfection equipment at different disinfection times were tested, and the resistance of two types of microbial aerosols to UV light was evaluated using D value as the indicator. Results 1.5 mL of phage suspension with a concentration of 2×10⁸ pfu/mL was atomized, and the average concentration of phage in the air disinfection chamber was 3.59×10⁶ pfu/m³, with an inter-group error rate of 8.13%; 2 mL of Staphylococcus albus suspension with a concentration of 8×10⁶ cfu/mL was atomized, and the average concentration of bacteria in the air disinfection chamber was 7.10×10⁵ cfu/m³, with an inter-group error rate of 10.14%. The average killing rates of phage Phi-X174 by ultraviolet disinfection equipment at 5, 10, and 15 min were 65.30%, 86.89%, and 93.46%, respectively. The average killing rates of Staphylococcus albus at 10, 15, and 20 min were 74.87%, 85.21%, and 94.92%, respectively. Conclusion The D value of phage Phi-X174 is between 10 and 15 min, and the D value of Staphylococcus albus is between 15 and 20 min. Staphylococcus albus has a higher resistance to the UV disinfection equipment than phage Phi-X174 in aerosol state.

Objective To observe the irritation of 222 nm ultraviolet radiation on the skin of mouse and eyes of Japanese white rabbit. Methods According to the skin irritation test and eye irritation test methods specified in document “Technical Standard for Disinfection”（2002 edition）, the iritation of 222 nm ultraviolet radiation on KM mouse skin and Japanese white rabbit eyes was observed and compared with the effect of 254 nm ultraviolet radiation in parallel. Results In high-dose single irradiation experiments or low-dose 15 d continuous irradiation experiments, 254 nm ultraviolet radiation caused skin irritation reactions in mice, manifested as epidermal thickening and decreased collagen fiber content. The irritating reaction of rabbit eyes was manifested as corneal opacity, blurred iris boundaries, and conjunctival congestion. Under the same experimental conditions, 222 nm ultraviolet irradiation did not cause skin and eye irritation reactions in experimental animals. Conclusion 222 nm UV has higher safety than 254 nm UV.

酸性电解水是一种绿色安全、无二次污染、操作便捷、杀菌高效的新型抗菌消毒剂，在生产、生活等方面都起到重要作用。本文综述了酸性电解水的制备（原理、体系、影响因素）、成品的存储衰减机制、杀灭微生物的作用（机制及影响因素）和实际应用领域。不同的电极材料、电解质种类和浓度对酸性电解水的pH值、ORP和ACC浓度均有影响。密封保存条件下酸性电解水储存时间更长，杀菌过程中有效氯起主要作用。不同微生物种类、作用时间、作用温度和电解水用量等都会对酸性电解水体外抗菌效果产生重要影响。酸性电解水的应用场景包括医疗卫生、食品卫生和农牧渔业等，加大对酸性电解水的研究，对其在生活及生产等各方面的推广应用具有重要参考价值。

Objective To investigate the cleaning, disinfection and management of loaned medical instruments and implants in hospitals of nationwide, so as to provide a basis for standardized management. Methods A self-designed questionnaire was used to investigate the cleaning, disinfection and management of loaned medical instruments and implants after use in 209 hospitals in China from March to June 2022, and the influencing factors were analyzed. Results A total of 215 questionnaires were distributed, and the effective response rate was 97.21%. Among the 209 hospitals, 79.4% of hospitals cleaned and disinfected all the instruments and implants after using, and 40.7% of hospitals cleaned and disinfected instruments by central sterile supply department. 58.9% of hospitals set up special posts in the process, and full traceability was realized in 63.2% hospitals. Compared to the cleaning, disinfection and management of loaned medical devices and implants before use, various levels of hospitals did not perform enough after their use. Conclusion The cleaning, disinfection and management of loaned medical instruments and implants after use in hospitals at all levels are not standardized, and there are issues such as incomplete systems and regulations, non-standard instruments treatment, incomplete information, and unreasonable personnel arrangements. All departments of the hospital should actively take targeted measures for improvement.

Objective To explore the feasibility of using phage Phi-X174 as indicator virus for evaluating the effect of air virus disinfection. Methods Phage Phi-X174 was nebulised into the air disinfection chamber. Referring to the requirements for the microbial counts of air indicators in China's air disinfection effect evaluation standards, the key parameters such as sampling solution, phage suspension titre, nebulisation time, nebulisation volume, etc were investigated to determine the generation mode and sampling method of phage aerosols, and the natural settling rates of phage aerosols at different time points were analyzed. Using the preliminarily established method, the killing effect of a photocatalytic disinfection technology on phage in air was evaluated. Results SM buffer was more efficient than PBS for phage Phi-X174 collection. When 1.5 mL of phage suspension with a titre of 3×10⁸ pfu/mL was nebulized, the average phage concentration in the air disinfection chamber was 4.25×10⁶ pfu/m³ with good reproducibility. The average natural settling rates of phage aerosols at 15 min, 30 min, 45 min and 60 min were 28.40%, 51.79%, 68.61% and 79.58%, respectively. The photocatalytic air disinfection technology was applied with high airflow for 45 min or low airflow for 60 min, and the average killing rate of phage could reach 99.9%. Conclusion Aerosol sampling with SM buffer and 1.5 mL of phage suspension with a titre of 3×10⁸ pfu/mL as the nebulisation generating solution can achieve relatively stable concentration of phage aerosols in air for a certain period of time, with better test reproducibility, and higher sampling efficiency, etc., which is basically in line with the requirements of air indicator microorganisms.

Objective To observe the effect of time and temperature on the concentration of available chlorine in a certain 84 disinfectant during storage. Methods The iodine assay was used to detect the changes of available chlorine concentration of a commercial 84 disinfectant after 12 weeks at 4, 10, 20, 30 and 37℃. The degradation rate was calculated and the high fitting curve of the disinfectant was plotted. Results After 12 weeks storage at 4, 10, 20, 30 and 37℃, the available chlorine concentrations of 84 disinfectant with initial available chlorine content of 72.31 g/L decreased to 59.90, 58.13, 55.60, 45.72 and 38.63 g/L, respectively. The degradation rates of available chlorine were 17.16%, 19.61%, 23.10%, 36.77% and 49.34%, respectively. The degradation rate of available chlorine in the first 5 weeks was significantly higher than that in the last 7 weeks at 5 storage temperatures. When the storage temperature was below 30℃, the available chlorine content was stable after 5 weeks. Conclusion The higher the temperature, the faster decrease of the effective chlorine concentration. At low concentration, decrease rate is relative slow, and the disinfectant is more stable.

Objective To observe the disinfection effect of a double-chain quaternary ammonium salt disinfectant in a low-temperature environment of -40℃, and to provide reference for the application of low-temperature disinfection. Methods Carrier quantitative bactericidal test and on-site disinfection test methods were used to observe the disinfection effect of the double-chain quaternary ammonium salt disinfectant on environmental surfaces under low temperature conditions. Results The content of stock solution of the double-chain quaternary ammonium salt disinfectant was 37 g/L, and the pH value was 5.03. This disinfectant has no precipitation or crystallization after being placed at -40℃ for >8 h. In a low-temperature cold storage at -40℃, the stock solution was sprayed for 30 min, and the killing log values of Escherichia coli and Staphylococcus aureus on the fabric samples were both >3.00; the stock solution was sprayed at 10 mL/m³ for 60 min, and the killing log values of Escherichia coli and Staphylococcus aureus on the glass surface were both >3.00. The stock solution of the disinfectant was non-irritating to the intact skin of New Zealand rabbits. The acute oral toxicity test on mice was non-toxic and had no micronucleogenic effect on mice. Conclusion This double-chain quaternary ammonium salt disinfectant can kill Escherichia coli and Staphylococcus aureus on environmental surfaces at low temperature of -40℃, and is an actual non-toxic substance.

Objective To evaluate the effect of intensive terminal disinfection on nosocomial infection of multi-drug resistant orgamisms (MDRO). Methods The data from 2017 to 2019 were retrospectively investigated as the pre-intervention group, and the data from 2020 to 2021 were prospectively monitored as the post-intervention group. The discovery rate, bacteria composition ratio, and detection rate of MDRO nosocomial infection before and after intervention were compared. Results On the basis of routine disinfection in a primary intensive care unit （ICU）medical area, vaporized hydrogen peroxide technology was used to strengthen the terminal disinfection. The discovery rate of MDRO nosocomial infection after intervention was 1.84%, which was lower than 2.83% before intervention（P<0.05）. After the intervention, the constituent ratio of multidrug-resistant Acinetobacter baumannii （MDRAB） and carbapenem-resistant Serratia marcescens （CRSM） and the detection rate of nosocomial infection decreased （P<0.05）. The detection rate of nosocomial infection caused by carbapenem-resistant Klebsiella pneumoniae （CRKP） did not increase statistically, but the constituent ratio increased （P<0.05）.Conclusion Intensive terminal disinfection can reduce nosocomial infections caused by MDRO, but we need to pay attention to nosocomial infections caused by carbapenem-resistant Enterobacteriaceae （CRE）, especially CRKP.

消毒剂被广泛应用于不同环境中杀灭细菌，但细菌耐受消毒剂的现象大大降低了消毒剂的杀菌效果，严重威胁人类的生命和健康。本文综述了细菌对消毒剂耐受的研究现状、作用机制（生物膜、细胞膜结构、外排泵和降解酶）及对策。不同细菌在水环境、医疗环境和食品环境中对多种消毒剂存在耐受。外排泵可能是细菌应对消毒剂最快、最有效的抗性机制。开发抑制外排泵和生物膜的新型消毒剂或替代物，加强监测并制定合理的消毒剂使用方案，对解决细菌耐受消毒剂这一难题具有重要参考价值。

Objective To verify the inactivation capability of electron beam against SARS-CoV-2, and to provide a basis for application. Methods Vero cells were cultured to produce SARS-CoV-2 viral suspension. The viral suspension was dorped on filter paper then irradiated with various doses of electron beam. The titer of the surviving virus and the nucleic acid of SARS-CoV-2 in the recovered supernatant was detected. The killing effect was estimated by nucleic acid test, cytopathic effect and the half tissue infection amount of the virus (TCID₅₀). Results At -20℃ to 20℃, the killing logarithm value of 5 kGy irradiation dose for SARS-CoV-2 was >4.0. At -80℃, the killing logarithm value of 9 kGy irradiation dose for SARS-CoV-2 were >4.0. Conclusion For the lower temperature, the tolerance dose of SARS-CoV-2 to the electron beam is higher.

Objective To observe the disinfection effects of a LED ultraviolet disinfection cabinet on different types of object surfaces, so as to provide a reference for the application of LED ultraviolet disinfection technology. Methods Using a carrier quantitative bactericidal test method, the LED ultraviolet disinfection cabinet was set to irradiate for 10 s and 120 s. The bactericidal effects on various carriers under different irradiation doses were observed. Results Irradiation for 10 s resulted in a log reduction of >3.00 for Staphylococcus aureus and Escherichia coli on filter paper and part of stainless steel plates contaminated with TSB. Similarly, the log reduction values for Staphylococcus aureus and Escherichia coli on glass slides, plastic sheets, and filter paper contaminated with 3%BSA were also >3.00. Irradiation for 120 s led to a log reduction of >3.00 for Bacillus cereus var. mycoides on filter paper contaminated with TSB, and a log reduction >3.00 for Candida albicans on glass slides and filter paper. For slides, plastic sheets, and filter paper contaminated with 3%BSA, Bacillus cereus var. mycoides also had a log reduction >3.00, and Candida albicans on glass, stainless steel, plastic sheets, and filter paper had log reductions >3.00. Conclusion LED ultraviolet light can achieve good disinfection effects on microorganisms on filter paper, with carrier types and organic contaminants significantly influencing its efficacy. Appropriate disinfection programs should be selected based on the material, cleanliness, and potential pathogens of the items to be disinfected.

雾化器属于中度危险性医疗器材，在临床治疗时如果清洁消毒不及时、不彻底，容易发生污染，进而导致医院感染风险升高甚至暴发；因此，加强雾化器的消毒与管理对于控制因雾化器使用引发的医院感染有着重要意义。本文综述了近年来国内外关于雾化器污染及相关清洁消毒研究报道，分析国内外医疗机构雾化器的污染及消毒现状，并总结清洁消毒方法研究进展，以期为医疗机构雾化器的科学管理提供参考。

Objective To explore the safety of drying methods employed in the re-treatment process of digestive endoscopes. Methods The safety of drying method during reprocessing in a hospital were evaluated by using instrument method and microbial culture method. Results A number of water droplets in the biopsy channel of endoscopes in manual clean group was more than that in automatic clean machine group. In experimental group, endoscopes were dried using an air gun until no moisture remained, while in the control group the air gun was utilized for a duration of 30 s. Biological testing with 4 h after drying revealed that both methods met all required standards.The qualified rate of the biological detection was 95% for both methods 8 hours post-treatment. Conclusion The air gun drying for 30 s can meet the requirements, and the drying effect with the automatic cleaning process is better than with manual cleaning.

近几年，辐射中心波长为222 nm的准分子紫外消毒光源因其安全、起效快等特点而备受关注。然而，国内对222 nm准分子紫外消毒光源的研究尚处于起步阶段，对其详细作用机制的了解也不深入。本文以222 nm准分子紫外消毒光源为主题，介绍了其基本原理，并梳理了其研究脉络，详细叙述了该种光源的研究现状，分析讨论了应用场景和实用性前景，以期对222 nm准分子紫外消毒光源有整体系统性认识，促进其在消毒领域的应用进程。

目的 对现有压力水枪进行改良，设计制作新型管腔器械清洗装置并验证其清洗效果。方法 选取2022年9—10月由消毒供应中心回收清洗的术后复用管腔类器械90件，随机平均分为对照组和观察组。使用目测法、白通条检查法和ATP生物荧光检测法检测2组器械的清洗质量，比较清洗合格率和清洗时间。结果 3种方法检测结果均显示观察组清洗质量合格率高于对照组（P<0.05）；观察组清洗时间为（241.38±24.62）s，对照组清洗时间为（630.04±22.76）s，差异具有统计学意义（t=77.737，P<0.001）。结论 新型管腔器械清洗装置可有效提升清洗质量，并提高工作效率。

Objective To explore the disinfection quality of children’s daycare centers in Tianjin. Methods Through a retrospective investigation, the sanitation and disinfection quality status of some children’s daycare centers in Tianjin from 2012 to 2023 were analyzed and evaluated. Results The coverage rate of monitored children’s daycare centers in the city was increased from 13.89% in 2012 to 28.40% in 2023, with an average coverage rate of 24.35%. The disinfection quality pass rates for indoor air, staff hands, and object surfaces were 89.51%, 89.17%, and 90.58%, respectively. The disinfection quality pass rate for the combination monitoring projects (indoor air + staff hands + object surfaces + dining utensils) ranges from 37.65% to 67.18%. There was no statistical difference between public and private children’s daycare centers (P>0.05). Conclusion The coverage of disinfection quality monitoring in children’s daycare centers in Tianjin has been expanded, but the disinfection quality pass rate of combination monitoring projects is low.

Objective To investigate and analyze the detection rate of carbapenem-resistant Klebsiella pneumoniae (CRKP) in clinical specimens of a hospital and its related clinical characteristics, so as to provide a basis for rational medicine use and prevention and control of CRKP nosocomial infection. Methods A retrospective investigation method was used to collect the data of Klebsiella pneumoniae isolated from clinical specimens of patients in clinical departments from 2012 to 2023. The CRKP detection was compared from different sources, departments and types of patients, and the changes of pathogen resistance were analyzed. Results The detection rate of CRKP in the non-bloodstream infection group was higher than that in the bloodstream infection group（11.2% vs 7.9%;$x^2$=11.534, P=0.001）. The detection rates of CRKP in blood, sputum, bronchoalveolar lavage fluid, urine, and cerebrospinal fluid showed an overall rising trend over time （P<0.05）. The detection rate of CRKP in ICU was higher than that in non-ICU （16.1% vs 8.9%;$x^2$=100.564, P<0.001）. The detection rates of CRKP in the adult group and the elderly group showed an overall upward trend（Z=10.105 and 12.107, P<0.05）, while the neonatal group showed a downward trend （Z=-2.099, P=0.036）. CRKP exhibited high resistance to ceftazidime, ceftriaxone, cefazolin, ertapenem, and ampicillin/sulbactam, with drug resistance rates exceeding 95%. Conclusion Hospitals should strengthen the effective monitoring of important types of specimens, key wards and special groups, and standardize the rational use of antibiotics.

Objective To observe the sterilization efficacy and effectiveness of ⁶⁰Co-γ irradiation sterilization on soy isoflavone capsules. Methods Microbial quantitative cultivation and physicochemical analysis methods were used to observe the effect of ⁶⁰Co-γ radiation on quality of soy isoflavone capsules and sterilization efficacy. Results After treated with ⁶⁰Co-γ-rays at 10 kGy, the appearance of soy isoflavone capsules exhibited no changes, and the disintegration time was up to the standards. There was no significant difference in the contents of three main components (P>0.05). There were 14 common peaks in chromatographic fingerprint with a similarity of≥0.999, and there were no significant difference in the chromatogram. Microorganisms in the irradiated soy isoflavone capsules significantly decreased. Conclusion ⁶⁰Co-γ irradiation has no significant effect on the quality of soy isoflavone capsules and can effectly reduce the microorganisms in soy isoflavone capsules.

Objective To explore the optimal disinfection dosage and scheme of vaporized hydrogen peroxide on indoor air and high efficiency particulate air filter (HEPA) during terminal disinfection in animal biosafety level 3 (ABSL-3) laboratory. Method The hydrogen peroxide at concentration of 5, 8, 10 and 15 g/m³ were used to disinfect different volumes of space, and the disinfection effect of vaporized hydrogen peroxide was verified by chemical indicator card and biological indicator bacteria, and its corrosiveness to indoor color steel plate was observed. Exhaust HEPA filters were disninfected in situ with 10, 12 and 15 g/m³ of hydrogen peroxide which were screened for optimal dosage. Results The 10 g/m³ vaporized hydrogen peroxide could effectively disinfect the≤ 200 m³ laboratory space, and there was no corrosion of color steel plates. With the use of a disinfection circulating fan, 15 g/m³ vaporized hydrogen peroxide could disinfect the laboratory tuyere-type exhaust HEPA filter in situ. Conclusion The disinfection scheme of vaporized hydrogen peroxide disinfection circulating fan can achieve the simultaneous disinfection of indoor air and exhaust HEPA filter during the termial disinfection of ABSL-3 laboratory.

铜绿假单胞菌是引起医院感染和最具生命威胁的细菌之一，本文对其生物膜的组成、结构和发育过程，常规消毒剂与铜绿假单胞菌生物膜相互作用的研究进行综述。为筛选高效、低毒、方便、经济的新型消毒剂，促进临床护理工作、医院感染控制提供参考。