近20年来，低温等离子体消毒灭菌技术迅速发展，展现出良好的应用前景。本文首先介绍了低温等离子体不同的产生方法与优缺点，其次综述了低温等离子体对细菌繁殖体、细菌芽孢、真菌、病毒及细菌和真菌毒素的杀灭效果，并从等离子体物理化学与细胞生物学两方面介绍了低温等离子体灭活微生物的机制，介绍了低温等离子体消毒灭菌技术的实际应用，包括对空气和医疗废水的消毒、医疗器械的消毒。最后针对当前研究现状和存在的问题做出了分析，展望了低温等离子体消毒灭菌技术应用于新型冠状病毒感染防治的可能性。

摘要 目的 探讨在生物安全三级实验室（P3实验室）内以复方季铵盐消毒液（MCP）取代次氯酸钠作为新型冠状病毒（SARS-CoV-2）主要消毒剂的可行性。方法配制体积百分浓度为2%、5%和100%的MCP以及含有效氯250、500或1 000 mg/L的次氯酸钠消毒液，采用凝胶过滤悬液定量消毒试验方法，在消毒剂与病毒液以体积比为1:2、1:1、2:1、5:1混合条件下分别作用1 min，测定MCP和次氯酸钠对SARS-CoV-2的灭活效果。结果不同浓度和不同配比条件下的2种消毒液对悬液内的SARS-CoV-2灭活对数值均 > 4.0。该MCP消毒液保存90 d，对新型冠状病毒的消毒效果无明显降低。结论MCP消毒液和次氯酸钠消毒液对新型冠状病毒消毒效果良好，可用MCP替代次氯酸钠消毒液作为P3实验室有效消毒剂。

摘要 目的 观察高锰酸钾消毒片杀菌效果，探讨其对皮肤消毒的价值。方法采用悬液定量杀菌试验方法，对高锰酸钾消毒片的杀菌效果进行观察。结果该高锰酸钾消毒片有效含量为质量分数92%。在菌悬液内加入小牛血清白蛋白30 g/L条件下，用浓度为3 000 mg/L高锰酸钾水溶液作用1 min，对悬液内白色念珠菌平均杀灭对数值均≥4.0。在菌悬液内加入小牛血清白蛋白3 g/L条件下，用浓度为800 mg/L高锰酸钾水溶液作用2 min，对悬液内白色念珠菌平均杀灭对数值均≥4.0。结论高锰酸钾对白色念珠菌具有良好的杀灭效果，但其杀菌效果受有机干扰物影响明显。

Objective To study the efficacy and mechanism of a new compound disinfection in killing different types of microorganisms. Methods The suspension quantitative bactericidal test method was used to study the bactericidal effect of the disinfectant; real-time fluorescence quantitative PCR and transmission electron microscopy were used to study the killing mechanism of the disinfectant on microorganisms. Results The disinfectant acted on Escherichia coli and Pseudomonas aeruginosa for 30 s and could kill them all; on Staphylococcus aureus for 30 s, the killing log value >5.00; on spores of Bacillus subtilis var niger for 60 min, the killing log value was 1.19. After Escherichia coli were trented by the compound disinfectant the expression levels of membrane protein genes LptD, LptE, OmpA, OmpC were slightly increased compared to the control group; the cell membrane of Escherichia coli and Staphylococcus aureus were damaged by the compound disinfectant. Conclusion This new compound disinfectant can effectively kill bacterial propagules mainly by destroying bacterial cell membrane and oxidizing intracellular substances to kill microorganisms.

Objective To study the disinfection effect of a new domestic and foreign 222 nm far-UVC radiation, and to provide date support for the subsequent research and application of ultravionlet disinfection technology. Methods The UVS-200 ultraviolet spatial radiation distribution testing system was used to measure the spectra of three light sources, and the carrier quantitative sterilization test was used to study the disinfection effect of different ligst sources. Results In addition to a peak at 222 nm, the domestic light source without filter also had a small peak in 230-240 nm. The domestic and Japanese light sources with filter only had one peak at 222 nm. When the radiation dose of the domestic light source with filter was 1 215 mJ/cm², the killing rate of Escherichia coli and Staphylococcus aureus contaminated on the cloth reached 99.9%, and the killing rate of Escherichia coli and Staphylococcus aureus contaminated on the glass slide was only 90%; the disinfection effect of domestic light source without filter was better than that of domestic light source with filter; the killing effect of domestic light source with filter on Escherichia coli contaminated on the cloth was better than that of Japanese light source with filter. Conclusion Under the same radiation dose the domestic 222 nm far-UVC light source with filter has a better killing effect on microorganisms contaminated on cloth than on glass slide; the domestic 222 nm far-UVC light source with filter has a better killing effect on Escherichia coli contaminated on cloth than Japanese light source with filter.

Objective To investigate the disinfection effect of an inorganic composite nanomaterial Ag-AgX/Zn-MOFs/TiO₂ （X=Br, I） combined with chlorine-containing disinfectant and its indurability. Methods The high-frequency contact points in the intensive care unit （ICU） were disinfected. The experimental group were disinfected with 2 000 mg/L Ag-AgX/Zn-MOFs/TiO₂ （X=Br, I） combined with 500 mg/L chlorine-containing disinfectant，and the control group were disinfected with 1 000 mg/L chlorine-containing disinfectant. The surfaces in ICU were wiped daily with correspond disinfectant at 14:00 and 20:00, respectively. Samples were collected at 0, 3 ， 6 or 9 h after disinfection and the qualified rate were calculated. Results The qualified rate of faucet and bed rail before disinfection were 38.46% and 48.08%, respectively, and those of ventilator panel, infusion pump panel and keyboard ranged from 71.15% - 84.62%. The qualification rates of ventilator panel + infusion pump panel + keyboard and bed rail disinfection in the experimental group were 93.06% and 91.67%, respectively, those of the control group were 78.57% and 67.86%. The qualification rates of faucet disinfection in the two groups ranged from 42.86% to 67.86% at 3 h after 14:00 disinfection. The qualified rates of bed rail disinfection in the experimental group were 91.67%, 91.67% and 83.33%, respectively, and those of the control group were all <90% at 3, 6 and 9 h after 20:00 disinfection, those of faucets in the two groups ranged from 71.43% - 83.33%. The qualification rates of ventilator panel + infusion pump panel + computer keyboard disinfection in the experimental group were 100%, 100% and 94.44%, respectively, and those of the control group were 90.48%, 89.29% and 88.10%, respectively. Conclusion The compound disinfectant can effectively kill microorganisms in medical environment, and the disinfection effect can last for 6 h.

摘要 目的 研究60Co和电子束辐照对金黄色葡萄球菌的消毒效果。方法 以金黄色葡萄球菌为指示微生物，用2、5和10 kGy 3个辐照强度的60Co和电子束射线对聚四氟乙烯片、牛皮纸片、玻璃片和不锈钢金属片4种染菌载体进行辐照，计算杀灭率；根据试验结果选用合适剂量对4种染菌载体进行模拟现场试验，评价其消毒效果。结果 60Co和电子束辐照剂量为2 kGy时，4种染菌载体的平均杀灭率均＜99.99%；辐照剂量达到5和10 kGy时，4种染菌载体的平均杀灭率均≥99.99%。模拟现场试验的60Co辐照剂量达到5.2~6.3 kGy以及电子束辐照剂量达到5.05~5.42 kGy时，4种染菌载体的平均杀灭率均≥99.99%。结论 60Co和电子束对4种染菌载体的最佳辐照剂量为5 kGy，聚四氟乙烯片载体的消毒效果最好，玻璃片和不锈钢金属片消毒效果次之，牛皮纸消毒效果最差。

摘要 目的 观察5种常见消毒剂对脊髓灰质炎病毒的杀灭效果，为防控肠道病毒性传染病传播选择有效消毒方法提供依据。方法采用病毒悬液定量灭活试验方法，对常用的5种消毒剂灭活脊髓灰质炎病毒的效果进行观察。结果用含有效氯200 mg/L的次氯酸钠消毒液作用10 min，含有效碘5 432 mg/L的碘伏消毒液作用60 min，对脊髓灰质炎病毒的杀灭对数值均 > 4.00。用含有效溴500 mg/L的二溴海因消毒液作用45 min，含5 000 mg/L邻苯二甲醛消毒液作用7.5 min，75%乙醇消毒液作用1.5 min，对脊髓灰质炎病毒的杀灭对数值均 < 4.00。结论脊髓灰质炎病毒抵抗力较强，不同消毒剂对其杀灭效果差别较大，提示肠道病毒的消毒处置中需谨慎选择消毒剂和消毒时间。

Objective To observe the antibacterial activity and safety of a compound biological disinfectant containing antimicrobial peptide (AMP) and polyhexamethylene biguanide (PHMB) as main components. Methods Suspension quantitative bactericidal test and animal test methods were used to observe the antibacterial activity and safety of the compound biological disinfectant. Results When incubated with the compound biological disinfectant for 1 min, the average killing log value of the disinfectant for Staphylococcus aureus, Escherichia coil and Pseudomonas aeruginosa were >5.0, and that were >4.0 for Candida albicans. The LD₅₀ value of the disinfectant for mice was >5 000 mg / (kg • bw), which belonged to a practical non-toxic level. The original solution of the disinfectant had no irritating effect to the intact skin and mucous membranes of rabbits. Conclusion The compound biological disinfectant has good antibacterial effect and biological safety.

Objective To observe the inactivation effect of chlorine disinfectants on human coronavirus, and to provide reference for contamination disinfection of novel coronavirus. Methods Suspension quantification method was used to observe the inactivation effect of chlorine disinfectants on human coronavirus HCoV-229E. Results Human coronavirus HCoV-229E in suspension was completely inactivated by chlorine-containing disinfectant containing 1 000, 750 and 500 mg/L available chlorine for 10, 20 and 30 min, respectively, at room temperature. The virus could not be completely inactivated by using a chlorine disinfectant with an effective chlorine content≤250 mg/L for 30 min. Conclusion Chlorine disinfectants has good inactivation effect on coronavirus, but the effective concentration and duration of action need to be ensured.

摘要 目的 研究不同包装材料对外来器械灭菌过程中升温的影响，为精准灭菌提供参考。方法 采用不同的包装材料对外来器械进行打包灭菌，每组分别测试7次，用温度压力检测仪监测温度、时间等参数。结果棉布、无纺布、硬质容器盒对外来器械灭菌过程的温度差异无统计学意义，灭菌平衡时间与灭菌维持时间存在部分布点［4号导向器导向道（钢质）、6号木制手柄内中心］差异有统计学意义（P<0.05）；6号探头所在位置木制手柄内中心实测时间少于试验设定（300 s）。结论棉布相比硬质容器盒和无纺布，在外来器械的灭菌升温过程中存在延迟现象。

Objective To investigate the effect of PCMX disinfectant on the corrosion of 304 stainless steel, 6063 aluminum alloy and galvanized sheet. Methods 304 stainless steel, 6063 aluminum alloy and galvanized sheet were sprayed once a day for 8 weeks with PCMX disinfectant at a concentration of 2.2 mg/L, and the macroscopic and microscopic corrosion morphology were observed by digital camera, 3D video microscope and scanning electron microscope (SEM). Electrochemical analysis of corrosion behavior and mechanisms were made using linear polarization (LP), electrochemical impedance(EIS). Results After the treatment of PCMX disinfectant, local corrosion occurred in all three metals. and the local corrosion area (m²) and corrosion current (I) were galvanized sheet >6063 aluminum alloy >304 stainless steel. The corrosion current of 304 stainless steel and 6063 aluminum alloy decreased greatly and then increased slowly, and the corrosion current of galvanized sheet gradually increased. Conclusion PCMX hydrolysis can produce Cl^-, resulting in local corrosion of metals, 304 stainless steel among the three metals has the strongest corrosion resistance.

Objective To evaluate the characteristics of bacterial biofilms in dental unit waterlines (DUWLs) and the disinfection effects of different disinfectants. Methods The ultrastructure of bacterial biofilms on the inner wall of DUWLs was observed using field emission scanning electron microscopy (FE-SEM), and the number and types of bacterial colonies were analyzed using the Remel identification system. DUWLs were washed respectviely with 3% hydrogen peroxide, 0.2% hydrogen peroxide nanosilver, 5.25% sodium hypochlorite and 0.12% chlorhexidine for 5 min, incubated for 10 min, and then rinsed with sterile water for 1 min. The operation was repeated every week for a total of 4 weeks. The structure of biofilms and the ratio of viable bacteria were assessed using confocal laser scanning microscopy before and 24 h after the operation. Results FE-SEM images showed abundant bacterial biofilms on the inner wall of DUWLs, with a total of 12 types of conditional pathogenic bacteria, and Gram-negative conditional pathogenic bacteria were the dominant bacteria. The number of bacteria in all DUWLs were decreased after treatment with four kinds of disinfectants, but gradually increased over time. The disinfection effect of 0.2% hydrogen peroxide nanosilver was more durable than other disinfectants（P<0.05）. Conclusion There is a bacterial biofilm on the inner wall of DUWLs, and Gram-negative pathogenic bacteria are the dominant bacteria. 0.2% hydrogen peroxide nanosilver has a good disinfection effect on the bacterial biofilm of DUWLs.

Objective A new type of UVC LED disinfection module was studied and its disinfection effect on tap water was observed. Methods According to the Technical Specification for Disinfection (2002 Edition) and the Hygiene and Safety Evaluation Standard of Disinfectants and Disinfection Equipment for Drinking Water, the related properties of the UVC LED ultraviolet disinfection module were observed by the spiking test and filter membrane method. Results The irradiation intensity of the disinfection module reached 8 132 μW/cm² at irradiation distance of 1 cm. With the increase of distance, the irradiation intensity decreased significantly; In the experiment of adding standard water sample disinfection, the number of Escherichia coli decreased to 0 cfu/100 mL when the effluent flow rate was 3 L/min and irradiated by two disinfection modules in series. It could be judged that the disinfection effect of drinking water in laboratory test was qualified. Conclusion The UVC LED disinfection module is suitable for short distance disinfection and has good disinfection effect on the flow water with slow flow rate.

Objective To observe the disinfection effect and toxicity of the new high-efficiency ultraviolet multi-directional mobile disinfection chamber. Methods The disinfection effect and toxicological safety of the disinfection chamber were evaluated using virus carrier quantitative killing test, air disinfection simulation field test, air disinfection field test, and acute inhalation toxicity test. The virus killing effect on slide carriers at different locations, the bacterial content before and after air disinfection, and the manifestations and deaths of acute inhalation toxicity of mice were observed. Results The logarithm of the inactivation of enterovirus EV71 and poliovirus typeⅠvaccine strain（PV-Ⅰ） was > 4.00, and the killing rate of Staphylococcus albicans was 99.99%. The death rate of natural bacteria in the air was 99.07%, and no poisoning symptoms appeared in the inhalation toxicity test. Conclusion The disinfection chamber has a significant disinfection effect on microorganisms, and it is safe under the experiment condition.

摘要 目的 研究一种远程监视操控的电梯轿厢消毒装置的消毒效果。方法采用空气模拟消毒试验和六级筛孔空气撞击式采样器采样培养的方法，对某远程操控电梯轿厢内空气消毒效果进行观察。结果该远程操控电梯内消毒装置消毒因子为辐射强度83.6 μW/cm2紫外线灯，在20 m3空气试验仓内开机照射15 min，对试验舱内空气中人工污染的白色念珠菌杀灭率均＞99.90%；在10 m2电梯间距离地面1 m高度开机照射15 min，对电梯内空气中自然菌消亡率均＞90%。结论本研究中远程监视操控的电梯轿厢消毒装置开机15 min后对电梯内空气消毒效果符合相关消毒标准要求。

摘要 目的 了解北京市医疗机构洁净手术室的运行现状，为改善洁净手术室的管理提供数据支持。方法 采用现场监测的方法，对北京市部分医疗机构洁净手术室连续3年的监测结果进行分析。结果3年共监测洁净手术室94间，总的合格率为57.45%，其中相对湿度合格率为76.84%，静压差合格率为82.11%，温度合格率为83.16%，尘埃粒子合格率为86.17%。结论 北京市医院洁净手术室的总体合格情况不乐观，需加强洁净手术室的日常管理，并建议将尘埃粒子数纳入日常监测项目。

摘要 目的 分析某中医院多重耐药菌（MDRO）的分布情况、耐药率及流行趋势，为指导感染监测和落实感染防控措施提供依据。方法 汇总2017—2020年住院患者MDRO目标性监测数据，采用SPSS 17.0进行统计分析。结果耐甲氧西林金黄色葡萄球菌（MRSA）、耐万古霉素肠球菌（VRE）、耐碳青霉烯类肺炎克雷伯菌（CRKP）、大肠埃希菌（CREc）、多重耐药及耐碳青霉烯类鲍曼不动杆菌（CRAB/MDR-AB）和铜绿假单胞菌（CRPA/MDR-PA）6种目标细菌总的MDRO检出率在2017—2020年分别为37.76%、37.37%、33.83%和25.92%，呈逐年降低趋势，2020年较前3年有明显降低；4年共分离MDRO 2 633株，以定植为主；鲍曼不动杆菌对头孢他啶、头孢吡肟及碳青霉烯类的耐药率在2018—2020年呈逐渐下降趋势，对黏菌素保持较好敏感性；肺炎克雷伯菌对碳青霉烯类耐药率在2018—2020年呈逐年降低趋势。结论该中医院MDRO检出率呈逐年降低趋势，但定植率较高，重点MDRO耐药形势严峻。

Objective To observe the effect of a mobile air purification and disinfection equipment on air disinfection and purification in operating room. Methods 4 clean operating rooms were selected in an orthopedic hospital, which we set as central air-conditioning purification system group, purification and disinfection equipment group, central air-conditioning purification system + purification and disinfection equipment group, and baseline group. After indoor cleaning and equipment operation for 30 min, the indoor air dust particle count and total bacterial count were detected using the air microbial sampler and the plate sedimentation method, respectively. Results Running the mobile air purification and disinfection equipment alone, or running the central air-conditioning purification system and air purification and disinfection equipment simultaneously for 30 min, it could significantly reduce the number of ≥0.5 µm dust particles, and the cleanliness of the operating room could be increased from level 8 to level 7. During the operation of each group of equipment, total bacterial count in the operating room was significantly lower than the baseline, reaching the standard of grade clean operating room. Conclusion This air purification and disinfection equipment can effectively reduce the number of Ⅳdust particles and total bacterial count in the operating room air, and has a good air purification and disinfection effect.

摘要 目的 了解综合性医院环境物体表面微生物污染状况，评价物体表面消毒效果。方法通过现场采样和细菌定量检测方法，对某综合性医院重要部位环境物体表面卫生质量状况进行调查与分析。结果调查期间共采集该医院物体表面样本496份，细菌总数符合要求为389份，卫生质量合格率为78.43%；手术室和普通病房物体表面卫生质量合格率分别为88.76%和64.15%；病房内床旁桌表面卫生质量合格率仅为28.57%。该医院物体表面检出细菌种以革兰阳性菌为主，构成比为84.67%。结论该医院重点部位物体表面卫生质量合格率有待提高，应当加强病房内物体表面卫生消毒工作，加强对消毒薄弱环节的管理。

摘要 目的 了解麻醉机内部管路污染情况，为规范麻醉机管路的消毒管理提供依据。方法 对手术室使用的35台麻醉机使用后消毒前后采样，进行菌落计数并鉴定细菌种类。结果使用麻醉消毒机消毒后采样部位的总细菌杀灭率为99.89%；微生物种类消毒后比消毒前少了不动杆菌属、产碱杆菌属；麻醉机消毒后总合格率、呼气口合格率及活瓣口合格率高于消毒前，差异有统计学意义；使用麻醉消毒机经过一个灭菌周期后，能有效清除麻醉机内管路细菌，能使麻醉机内管路合格率显著提高。结论麻醉机内部管路存在污染，针对所污染病原微生物的种类选择有效的消毒方法对麻醉机内外部管路进行清洁消毒。

Objective To observe the disinfection effect and related properties of a novel hydrogen peroxide composite spray disinfectant. Methods The stock solution of hydrogen peroxide composite was a spray disinfectant, and the stock solution contained 62 g/L of hydrogen peroxide. The diffusion test determined the distribution of different fog particle sizes in time and space. The vector quantitative sterilization test and simulated field test were used to determine the killing log value of the indicator bacteria. The virus inactivation test was used to determine the log value of the inactivation of the indicator virus. The killing rate of natural bacteria was determined by the field test, and the safety of flammability was detected. Results After spraying, the particle size of the spray disinfectant was mostly ≤0.3 µm at different times and locations. After 30 min, the killing log value of Escherichia coli, Staphylococcus aureus, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Candida albicans and Bacillus subtilis were all > 3.00, and the killing log value of poliovirus was > 4.00. The killing rate of Staphylococcus albus in the air was 100% in the 20 m³ aerosol cabinet. The average elimination rate of natural bacteria in the air was 100%. The flammability test results showed that the disinfectant was not flammable. Conclusion The spray disinfectant has good diffusion, and the disinfection effect and inactivation effect of virus reach the standard.

摘要 目的 建立一种高效液相色谱法，同时测定消毒剂中的苯扎氯铵和苄索氯铵。方法 用配备二极管阵列检测器（DAD）的高效液相色谱仪，采用Agilent TC-18C液相色谱柱，以乙腈/乙酸铵/冰乙酸（70/30/0.15，V/V/V）为流动相，使用DAD（检测波长270 nm）进行检测分析。结果 苯扎氯铵和苄索氯铵在20~400 mg/L范围内，线性回归方程的相关系数r=0.9990。2种成分的分离度为1.87，可以较好地分离苯扎氯铵和苄索氯铵。日内精密度苯扎氯铵为0.98%，苄索氯铵为0.23%；日间精密度苯扎氯铵为0.80%、苄索氯铵为0.47%。平均回收率范围苯扎氯铵为96.3%~103%，苄索氯铵为99.5%~104.0%；RSD范围苯扎氯铵为1.0%~1.5%，苄索氯铵为0.64%~2.6%。灵敏度苯扎氯铵检出限（LOD）为0.364 mg/L，定量限（LOQ）为1.21 mg/L；苄索氯铵LOD为0.311 mg/L，LOQ为1.04 mg/L。结论 建立的高效液相色谱法能更准确地测定苯扎氯铵的含量，并能与苄索氯铵进行区分测定。

Objective To understand the current situation of hospital management of disinfectants in Zhejiang province, and to evaluate the effectiveness of improving the management of disinfectants in a hospital's central sterile supple department (CSSD), in order to provide reference for improving the quality of hospital disinfection management. Methods A questionnaire survey was conducted on the knowledge background, nature of organization, management attribution, education and training, and personnel turnover of disinfection personnel in 87 hospitals in the province. Based on the survey results, we improved the CSSD disinfection management of a certain hospital, compared the changes in disinfection monitoring indicators before and after the improvement of management quality, and strengthened the theoretical and operational levels of disinfectants before and after training. Results Only 21.83% of the 371 disinfection workers surveyed had bachelor degree or above, 46.90% had informal establishment, and 1.89% had lost their staff within one year. Disinfectors in 55 hospitals were managed by non-nursing departments, and the training and assessment of disinfectors in 76 hospitals were handled by nursing departments. After the improvement of management quality, the indicators of CSSD equipment bar code posting error rate, equipment bar code missing brush rate, wet package rate of sterilized goods, equipment backwashing rate and sterile goods distribution error rate in a hospital all reached the qualified target value, and the theoretical and operational assessment scores of disinfectors after intensive training were higher than those before training. Conclusion Targeted and planned management and training of disinfectors in hospitals will help to improve the ability of disinfectors, stabilize the team of disinfectors and meet the development needs of CSSD in hospitals.

目的 了解某医院多重耐药菌（ MDROs）感染情况及分布特征，为有效防控MDROs医院感染提供依据。方法 采用回顾性调查方法，分析2020—2022年住院患者送检标本中MDROs分离情况及相关医院感染资料。结果 从分离的11 458株病原菌中检出793株MDROs，检出率为6.92%；其中，以肺炎克雷伯菌居多，占 27.11%。MDROs主要从痰液标本中检出，占90.42%；其次是尿液和血液，分别占4.29%和2.02%。MDROs阳性标本主要来自ICU、心内科和呼吸内科，分别占37.83%、26.48%和22.19%。MDROs医院感染患者共58例，心内科和ICU患者比例为41.38%和27.59%。结论 MDROs的预防控制形势依然严峻，需进一步完善管理机制，严格抗菌药物应用指征，以防控医院感染发生。

Objective To investigate the current situation of disinfection quality in nursery institutions in Shandong Province, so as to identify problems and put forward suggestions and countermeasures. Methods A stratified random sampling method was used to select 434 nursery institutions in 15 cities in Shandong Province, and the indoor air, object surfaces, staff’s hands and tableware were detected. Results From 2020 to 2022, the total qualified rate of disinfection in nursery institutions in Shandong Province was 91.50%; the qualified rates for different years were 90.10%, 91.31%, and 92.38%, respectively, and the difference was statistically significant (x²=6.01, P=0.049). There was no significant difference in the overall qualified rate of disinfection in urban nursery institutions of different grades (x²=3.49, P=0.17). There was significant difference in the qualified rate of disinfection among different monitoring items (x²=37.95, P<0.01), and the qualified rate of tableware was the highest. Conclusion The disinfection quality of nursery institutions in Shandong Province is generally good, but the qualified rate of some items such as indoor air and object surface disinfection is low. It should be targeted to improve the disinfection quality of weak links, and keep good disinfection quality of staff’s hands and tableware.

Objective To evaluate the disinfectant efficacy of compound quaternary ammonium salt wipes. Methods Disinfectant wipes were prepared by impregnation with a solution containing 2 060 mg/L of benzalkonium chloride, which concentration of the squeezed solution of wipes was 1 800 mg/L. The disinfection effect of the wipe was evaluated by suspension quantitative germicidal test, carrier quantitative germicidal test, wipes carrier quantitative germicidal test and field disinfection test. Results For E.coli, S. aureus and P.aeruginosa in suspension incubated with the squeezed solution of wipes for 1 min, the killing logarithmic(KL) values were >5.00 and that of C.albicans was >4.00. For E.coli, S. aureus and P.aeruginosa on the cloth carrier, when incubated with the disinfectant for 5 min, the KL values were 3.18, 3.28 and 3.12, respectively, and that of C. albicans was 1.22 with 10 min incubation. For E.coli, S. aureus and P.aeruginosa in tryptone physiology solution plus 3% organic substance, the KL values were 3.58, 3.86 and 3.42, respectively, and that of C. albicans was 2.89 when incubated for 10 min. For E. coli, S.aureus and P. aeruginosa in phosphate buffered saline, the mean KL values were 3.92, 5.30 and 3.80, respectively when incubated for 1 min, and that of C. albicans was 3.22 when incutated for 3 min. The KL values of wipes against natural bacteria on surface of desk were all >1.00. Conclusion There are significant differences in the results of different experimental methods on disinfectant efficacy evaluation.

Objective To investigate the removal effect of quaternary ammonium salt disinfectant, 75% ethanol, commercial nucleic acid scavenger and chlorine-containing disinfectant on nucleic acid contamination of MS2 bacteriophages. Methods 10¹⁰ PFU/mL phage suspension droplets were added to the sterile surface carrier, and 2 000 mg/L double-stranded quaternary ammonium salt disinfectant, 75% ethanol, nucleic acid scavenger and 1 000 and 2 000 mg/L of available chlorine disinfectant were added to the sterile surface carrier for 10 or 30 min, and the removal effect of commonly used disinfectants on MS2 phage nucleic acid was detected by real-time reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR). Results After 30 min, chlorine-containing disinfectant containing 2 000 mg/L of available chlorine could completely remove the MS2 phage gene, and 2 000 mg/L double-stranded quaternary ammonium disinfectant, 75% ethanol, commercial nucleic acid scavenger and available chlorine 1 000 mg/L chlorine-containing disinfectant had poor effect on the removal of MS2 phage gene. Conclusion Chlorine-containing disinfectant with available chlorine 2 000 mg/L can be used to remove viral nucleic acids.

摘要 目的 观察双氧水(过氧化氢)联合碘伏阴道灌洗在宫颈癌根治术中的消毒效果，为预防术后感染提供依据。方法通过感染监测和细菌培养方法，对过氧化氢联合碘伏阴道灌洗在宫颈癌根治术中的消毒效果进行观察与分析。结果2组患者术前阴道分泌物pH值、清洁度及术后腹部切口感染率差异无统计学意义(P＞0.05)。过氧化氢联合碘伏阴道灌洗组术前细菌培养的阳性率、阴道残端感染率和血液白细胞数等指标均明显优于单独碘伏阴道灌洗组对照组。结论宫颈癌根治术前选择过氧化氢联合碘伏阴道灌洗的消毒效果明显优于单独碘伏阴道灌洗。

摘要 目的 规范外来医疗器械和植入物的管理，构建基于蒸汽渗透抗力评估的外来医疗器械管理新方案。方法 参考相关国际和国内规范标准，明确3个基础因素即医疗器械属性、灭菌器种类和计划使用的灭菌程序类型，确定该院所接收的外来器械的核心指标。在该院特定灭菌器的外来器械灭菌程序下，按照医院使用的外来医疗器械的使用频率、属性、数量、种类和组合方式，进行30次灭菌测试，并对灭菌过程参数进行统计学分析。结果 依据EN285规范要求，所有测试的灭菌阶段平衡时间、维持时间，灭菌温度波动范围，以及灭菌温度均匀性均合格，即过程指标与结果指标均合格。结论 本方法能验证选定灭菌程序可靠性，得出了灭菌过程安全裕量的分布及可接受范围和T2修正系数，实现早期对灭菌失败进行预警。

摘要 目的 研究以山楂核干馏液为主要成分的天然保鲜除味剂对饭菜抑菌保鲜效果和主要菌群结构的影响。方法采用该天然保鲜除味剂对饭菜进行保鲜处理，观察其对饭菜样品中菌落总数、亚硝酸盐含量、菌群结构变化的影响，并测定其最小抑菌浓度（MIC）。结果该天然保鲜除味剂能明显抑制饭菜样品中的菌落数增长并调节菌群结构，对大肠埃希菌、铜绿假单胞菌和肺炎克雷伯菌均有良好的抑制作用，MIC为母液浓度的1/8。结论以山楂核干馏液为主要成分的天然保鲜除味剂可延长饭菜等食品的保鲜时间，其作用机制与抑制菌群增殖和调节菌群结构有关。

摘要 目的 比较3种不同预处理方式对重复使用器械清洗效果及质量的影响，通过优选预处理方式，提高手术器械的清洗质量。方法将某医院2020年3月—2021年12月临床科室送消毒供应中心待处理的止血钳、剪刀和持针器随机分为3组，每组400件，分别采用手工刷洗、过氧化氢溶液浸泡和超声清洗方式进行预处理，再用全自动清洗机进行清洗。采用目测法、5倍带光源放大镜观察法、ATP生物荧光检测法和隐血检测试纸法4种方法评价清洗质量，优选最佳的预处理方法。结果采用4种清洗质量评价方法，超声清洗组、过氧化氢组和手工刷洗组全部合格率分别为93.75%、93.25%和89.00%，超声清洗预处理组与过氧化氢预处理组合格率差异无统计学意义（χ2= 2.73，P > 0.05），两者均明显优于手工预处理组，差异具有统计学意义（χ2= 4.38和4.47，P < 0.05）。结论采用超声清洗和过氧化氢预处理优于手工预处理，其中过氧化氢溶液浸泡预处理操作简单，并可对器械进行消毒，值得临床推广应用。

摘要 目的 研究一种人工智能消毒机器人，实现对室内环境实施自动精准消毒。方法基于智能云台的气溶胶空间喷雾、固定式紫外线/臭氧消毒、常量喷雾法结合气溶胶的自身消毒等功能设计机器人的不同智能模块，实现远程控制和自动运行驾驶模式，同时满足多因子消毒。结果实现激光测量消毒场所空间体积，得到消毒实施喷雾参数的一种自动精准化作业决策系统及运载装置。该机器人具备自体消毒系统，最终实现室内多模式的精准消毒要求。结论室内人工智能消毒机器人可满足室内表面、空气精准消毒要求，还可对特殊环境进行无人化紫外线自动消毒等作业。