达芬奇机器人手术系统现已广泛应用于外科微创手术，与之配套的机器人手术复用器械的清洗、消毒、保养和管理工作日趋重要。由于达芬奇机器人手术复用器械具有价格昂贵（部分器械有限定使用寿命）、精密程度高、结构复杂和材质特殊等特点，如何安全、高效地完成机器人手术器械的清洗、消毒再处理工作，对医疗机构提出了更高的要求。本文阐述了目前国内外广泛使用的达芬奇机器人手术器械清洗、消毒、保养和管理方法，以及注意事项、新进展，以帮助各医疗机构管理人员和洗消人员根据自身特色、设备设施现状，因地制宜选择最适合的达芬奇机器人手术器械的清洗、消毒、保养和管理方法，更好地预防医院感染发生，确保医患安全。

Objective To study the residual of ethylene oxide and 2-chloroethanol in medical devices. Methods Thirteen kinds of polymer materials commonly used in medical devices were sterilized, and ethylene oxide and 2-chloroethanol residues were tested by gas chromatography without analysis.After 3, 5 and 7 days of analysis, the effects of ethylene oxide residue and resolution rate, as well as the effects of extraction temperature, time and chloride ion concentration on the detection of 2-chloroethanol were detected. Results No 2-chloroethanol was detected in any of the 13 materials after sterilization. Acrylonitrile-styrene-butadiene copolymer (ABS), polyurethane and polyvinyl chloride ethylene oxide residues were 632.27, 577.66 and 524.53 μg/g, respectively, while silicone rubber and fluoroplastics had fewer residues of 5.34 and 72.73 μg/g, respectively. There was a significant difference in the resolution rate of different materials, and the resolution rate of fluoroplastics and polyetheramide block copolymers was the fastest, with 100.00% and 98.34%, respectively. The concentration of chloride ions had an effect on the detection of 2-chloroethanol. Conclusion Medical device companies should conduct specific analysis of the selected materials at the beginning of product design, and reduce ethylene oxide residues by controlling sterilization and analysis conditions if necessary, while the control of 2-chloroethanol residues may not be necessary.

Objective To investigate the disinfection effect and influencing factors of LED ultraviolet disinfection device. Methods Using the carrier quantitative bactericidal test method, the bactericidal effect and influencing factors of LED ultraviolet disinfection device were observed. Results The LED ultraviolet disinfection device was equipped with 54 UV chips with wavelengths ranging from 270 to 280 nm. After 60 s of irradiation, Escherichia coli and Staphylococcus aureus on glass slide were completely killed; the killing rate of Candida albicans on glass slide could reach 99.99% after 30 s of irradiation; the killing rate of spores of Bacillus subtilis var niger on glass slide could reach 99.99% after 120 s of irradiation; the log value of inactivated infection titer of poliovirus on glass slide was 5.10 after 90 s of irradiation. Factors such as the carrier material, irradiation distance, radiation dose, organic matter, and moisture had impacts on the disinfection effect of LED ultraviolet disinfection device. Conclusion The LED ultraviolet disinfection device can effectively kill bacterial propagules, viruses, and bacterial spores, but its disinfection effect is influenced by many factors.

Objective To study the sustained antibacterial effects of three single chain quaternary ammonium salts against Candida albicans and to provide theoretical support for screening antibacterial products. Methods The carrier sustained antibacterial test method was used to compare and observe the sustained antibacterial effects of three kinds of quaternary ammonium salts: bromine, chlorine, and carbonate. Results Bromine, chlorine, and carbonate quaternary ammonium salts were all used with an active substance concentration of 2 000 mg/L, and their sustained antibacterial time against Candida albicans on the carrier reached 95, 95, and 59 d, respectively. Within the antibacterial validity period, the bacterial reduction rate was still maintained at ≥90%. The antibacterial effect of bromine and chlorine quaternary ammonium salts lasted longer than that of carbonate quaternary ammonium salts significantly. Conclusion All three kinds of quaternary ammonium salts have good sustained antibacterial effects, with bromine and chlorine quaternary ammonium salts having longer sustained antibacterial effects.

Objective To observe the disinfection effect of hydrogen peroxide on object surface and indoor air. Methods Field simulation and field evaluation test were applied to evaluate the disinfection effect of hydrogen peroxide on object surface and indoor air. Results The killing log valve was > 3.00 for Escherichia coli and Staphylococcus aureus standard strains with 35 g/L hydrogen peroxide for disinfection of 15 min. The average killing rate of natural bacteria on objects surface was above 90% with 105 g/L hydrogen peroxide for disinfection of 30 min at food production workshop，and the disinfection effect of natural bacteria of indoor air reached the qualified level by aerosol spraying for exposure of 30 min. Conclusion Spraying and aerosol spraying with hydrogen peroxide disinfectant are effective on object surface and indoor air disinfection.

Objective To evaluate the long-acting disinfection effect of polyhexamethylene biguanide hydrochloride disinfectant, and to provide a reference basis for the establishment of evaluation method for the long-acting disinfection effect of disinfectants in China. Methods Referring to the evaluation method of British standard PAS 2424, the killing effect of disinfectant samples with different concentrations on bacterial propagules and pathogenic yeasts was observed. Results This disinfectant sample had the best long-acting disinfection effect on Escherichia coli, followed by the long-acting disinfection effect on Staphylococcus aureus and Pseudomonas aeruginosa, and the worst long-acting disinfection effect on Candida albicans, and the difference was statistically significant (P<0.05).Conclusion The polyhexamethylene biguanide hydrochloride disinfectant sample has a 24 h long-acting disinfection effect on Escherichia coli and Staphylococcus aureus.

Objective To study the disinfection effect and influencing factors of a photocatalytic disinfection machine on the air and surface of objects in an mist chamber under experimental conditions. Methods Air disinfection simulation field experiments and carrier quantitative killing test methods were used to observe the disinfection effect of a certain photocatalytic disinfection machine on laboratory air, fabric, and flat carrier. The method of comparing the number of bacterial colonies in each group using plate staining was used to explore whether there are disinfection factors produced in the air. Results The main disinfection factor of this photocatalytic disinfection machine was titanium dioxide, supplemented by metals such as rhodium and silver as photocatalysts. Under broad-spectrum ultraviolet irradiation and circulating wind conditions, the killing rate of Staphylococcus albus in air reached over 99.90% after 30 min of disinfection. Increasing the circulating air volume to 2 h, resulted in a 38.36% killing rate of Staphylococcus aureus on the fabric, but did not achieve the disinfection effect. The killing rates of Staphylococcus aureus on the agar plate after 4, 6, and 8 h of disinfection were 93.17%, 95.36%, and 97.06%, respectively. Conclusion The photocatalytic disinfection machine has a good disinfection effect on air in aerosol chamber, and the disinfection efficiency is positively correlated with the circulating air volume.

Objective To study the antibacterial performance of a copper-based nanomaterial and the factors affecting its antibacterial effect, and to explore the the possibility of its practical application. Methods The film pasting method was used to test the antibacterial performance of the copper-based nanomaterial against Staphylococcus aureus and Escherichia coli, and the effects of organic interference, temperature and humidity changes, chemical neutralization and other conditions on the antibacterial performance of the material were studied. Results The killing logarithmic values of Staphylococcus aureus and Escherichia coli on the surface of the copper-based nanomaterial were >6.71 and >6.37 respectively when the nanomaterial was treated at 37℃ and a relative humidity of 90% humidity for 1 h. Using Staphylococcus aureus as the indicator bacterium, the killing logarithmic value decreased to 5.87 when 3% BSA was added; under the conditions of reducing temperature 20℃，90% and humidity 37℃，30%, the killing logarithmic values decreased to 2.78 and 3.59, respectively; after using D/E neutralizer, the killing logarithmic value decreased to 4.15.Conclusion This copper-based nanomaterial has good antibacterial performance, but organic interference and changes in environmental temperature and humidity can affect its bactericidal effect, and the use of neutralizers during evaluation will also directly affect the test results.

聚维酮碘（povidone iodine, PVP-I）是一种广谱、高效的杀菌剂，已有60多年的应用史。本文综述了PVP-I的结构特性、杀灭病毒机制、抗药性、安全性、常用剂型等，并总结了近两年临床实验结果，表明通过口腔含漱、鼻腔冲洗等方式，PVP-I液体制剂能显著降低呼吸道病毒载量，减缓和控制病毒传播，缩短康复周期。

Objective To observe the bacteriostasis potency of 13 individual antimicrobial agents and 6 compound liquids against Burkholderia cepacia. Methods The tube suspension method was used to monitor the survival of Burkholderia cepacia in various individual antimicrobial agents and compound liquids. Results Among the 13 commonly used individidual antimicrobial agents, a 2.0% solution of 1, 2-hexanediol and a 0.08% dodecyl dimethyl benzyl ammonium chloride incubating for 0.5 h, 0.15% methylparaben inccubating for 24 h, and 0.10% ethylparaben incubating for 1 h, the killing log value for Burkholderia cepacia decreased by ≥5.0, and the killing log values of other individual components were ≤ 3.0 after incubationg for 28 d. The number of bacteria in the test system of 0.15% ethylparaben, 0.08% and 0.12% cetylpyridine chloride could still increase when the number of bacteria in the system < 10 cfu/mL. The bacteriostasis efficacy of 0.05% caprylhydroxamic acid + 0.15% p-hydroxyacetophenone and 0.13% dodecyl dimethyl benzyl ammonium chloride + 0.06% cetylpyridine chloride did not meet the ISO 11930 “Evaluation of the antimicrobial protection of a cosmetic product”requirements, and the bacteriostasis efficacy of the other four compounds met the requirements. Conclusion The bacteriostasis potency of individual antimicrobial agents against Burkholderia cepacia can be enhanced by specific compounding.

Objective To observe the disinfection efficacy of a plasma disinfection module on object surfaces, and to provide scientific basis for practical disinfection application. Methods The disinfection efficacy of a certain plasma disinfection module on object surfaces was experimentally observed with simulated field disinfection test method. Results When the plasma generator module was irradiated for 10 min from the vertical height of 1.5 cm above the surface, the mean killing logarithm values of Candida albicans and Bacillus subtilis var. niger spores on the surface were 2.28 and 1.90, respectively. After irradiation and disinfection for 2 min, the logarithm killing values of Escherichia coli, Staphylococcus aureus and Pseudomonas aeruginosa on the surfaces of objects were all > 3.00. Conclusion The plasma generator module has a good killing effect on vegetative forms of bacteria, and poor killing effect on fungi and bacterial spores when irradiated at colse range.

Objective To compare the killing effects of nine commonly used disinfectants on attenuated Mycobacterium bovis, Bacillus anthracis attenuated strains spores and Brucella spp attenuated strains. Methods The suspension qualitative bactericidal test was used to detect the effect of 84 disinfectant, 0.5% iodophor, 50% dibromohydantoin, 30% hydrogen peroxide solution, 75% ethanol, 50% carbolic acid, 0.2% chlorhexidine, 3% benzalkonium bromide and 2% glutaraldehydee on three bacteria for 5 and 45 min, respectively. Bacterial culture method was used to evaluate the killing effect of each disinfectant. Results 0.55% 84 disinfectant, 0.5% iodophor, 3% hydrogen peroxide solution, 75% ethanol and 2% glutaraldehyde could effectively kill attenuated Mycobacterium bovis after 5 min, while 0.1% dibromohain and 0.3% benzalammonium bromide had no obvious killing effect even if time was extended to 45 min. Similarly, 0.55% 84 disinfectant solution, 0.5% iodophor and 3% hydrogen peroxide solution had a certain efficacy on Bacillus anthracis attenuated strains spores only when incubating for a long time. 75% ethanol, 5% carbonic acid, 0.2% chlorhexidine and 0.3% benzalammonium bromide could not completely kill Bacillus anthracis spores incubating for 45 min. Conclusions 75% ethanol and 0.55% 84 disinfectant have good killing effect on attenuated Mycobacterium bovis and Brucella spp attenuated strains, but have no obvious killing effect on Bacillus anthracis attenuated strain spores.

Objective To explore the distribution of pathogens and risk factors of neonatal hospital infections. Methods A retrospective survey was conducted on 1 569 newborns in the neonatal ward of a certain hospital from January 2021 to December 2022. Hospital clinical medical records and pathogen isolation and identification results of blood, sputum and umbilical secretions were collected, and the univariate analysis and multivariate logistic regression analysis were used to identify the risk factors for nosocomial infection in newborns. Results The incidence rate of nosocomial infection was 4.91%, mainly respiratory tract （50.65%）, followed by urinary tract infection. A total of 85 pathogenic strains were detected in 77 children with nosocomial infection, mainly Gram-negative bacteria（60.2%）, among which Escherichia coli had the highest proportion （47.05%）. The proportion of Staphylococcus hemolyticus in Gram positive bacteria was the highest （9.41%）. Multivariate logistic regression analysis showed that gestational age < 37 weeks, having three or more underlying diseases, hospital stay of≥7 d, amniotic fluid contamination, mechanical ventilation, feeding intolerance, mechanical ventilation and feeding intolerance were independent risk factors for neonatal nosocomial infection. Conclusions Neonatal nosocomial infection is mainly respiratory tract infection, and pathogenic bacteria are common with Gram-negative bacteria. Effective prevention and control measures should be taken especially for high risk factors to reduce the nosocomial infection rate.

支气管镜作为辅助呼吸道疾病治疗及诊断的可复用医疗器械，精密程度高，结构复杂，对其清洗、消毒、存储及保养具有挑战性。随着支气管镜相关医院感染事件发生增多，相关防控工作需要被更加重视。本文对目前国内外支气管镜医院感染现状进行综述，分析了相关感染风险因素，并从支气管镜清洗消毒流程、干燥过程及存储方式、定期维修和保养计划、微生物监测、标准预防、流程与质量管理、感染控制策略7个方面总结并提出了相关感染防控措施补充建议，为医疗机构管理人员结合科室仪器设备和环境设施条件，因地制宜地选择最适宜的支气管镜防控管理措施及手段提供参考依据。

Objective To study the disinfection effect of a plasma air disinfection machine on indoor air under occupied (dynamic) and unmanned (static) conditions. Methods A plasma air disinfection machine was used in a kindergarten classroom to disinfect indoor air under occupied and unmanned conditions, and the planktonic bacteria, settling bacteria, particles and microorganisms load in indoor air before and after disinfection were compared to comprehensively assess the disinfection effect of the plasma. Results In unmanned room, the extinction rate of indoor air was more than 90% after 60 min of disinfection; in occupied room, the extinction rate of indoor air was still more than 50% despite continuous air pollution due to human activities. Regardless of whether there were people indoors or not, the settling bacteria, particles and microorganisms load in air were decreased after disinfection. Conclusion The plasma air disinfection machine can effectively eliminated bacteria and particles in air, and can be used in occupied room. It provides an effective disinfection method for preventing the indoor spread of airborne diseases.

Objective To compare the resistance of phage Phi-X174 and Staphylococcus albus to ultraviolet light in aerosol state, and to explore the possibility of phage Phi-X174 as an indicator microorganism for the evaluation of the disinfection effect of air viruses. Methods The reproducibility of the killing rates of two microorganisms by a UV disinfection equipment at different disinfection times were tested, and the resistance of two types of microbial aerosols to UV light was evaluated using D value as the indicator. Results 1.5 mL of phage suspension with a concentration of 2×10⁸ pfu/mL was atomized, and the average concentration of phage in the air disinfection chamber was 3.59×10⁶ pfu/m³, with an inter-group error rate of 8.13%; 2 mL of Staphylococcus albus suspension with a concentration of 8×10⁶ cfu/mL was atomized, and the average concentration of bacteria in the air disinfection chamber was 7.10×10⁵ cfu/m³, with an inter-group error rate of 10.14%. The average killing rates of phage Phi-X174 by ultraviolet disinfection equipment at 5, 10, and 15 min were 65.30%, 86.89%, and 93.46%, respectively. The average killing rates of Staphylococcus albus at 10, 15, and 20 min were 74.87%, 85.21%, and 94.92%, respectively. Conclusion The D value of phage Phi-X174 is between 10 and 15 min, and the D value of Staphylococcus albus is between 15 and 20 min. Staphylococcus albus has a higher resistance to the UV disinfection equipment than phage Phi-X174 in aerosol state.

Objective To observe the irritation of 222 nm ultraviolet radiation on the skin of mouse and eyes of Japanese white rabbit. Methods According to the skin irritation test and eye irritation test methods specified in document “Technical Standard for Disinfection”（2002 edition）, the iritation of 222 nm ultraviolet radiation on KM mouse skin and Japanese white rabbit eyes was observed and compared with the effect of 254 nm ultraviolet radiation in parallel. Results In high-dose single irradiation experiments or low-dose 15 d continuous irradiation experiments, 254 nm ultraviolet radiation caused skin irritation reactions in mice, manifested as epidermal thickening and decreased collagen fiber content. The irritating reaction of rabbit eyes was manifested as corneal opacity, blurred iris boundaries, and conjunctival congestion. Under the same experimental conditions, 222 nm ultraviolet irradiation did not cause skin and eye irritation reactions in experimental animals. Conclusion 222 nm UV has higher safety than 254 nm UV.

酸性电解水是一种绿色安全、无二次污染、操作便捷、杀菌高效的新型抗菌消毒剂，在生产、生活等方面都起到重要作用。本文综述了酸性电解水的制备（原理、体系、影响因素）、成品的存储衰减机制、杀灭微生物的作用（机制及影响因素）和实际应用领域。不同的电极材料、电解质种类和浓度对酸性电解水的pH值、ORP和ACC浓度均有影响。密封保存条件下酸性电解水储存时间更长，杀菌过程中有效氯起主要作用。不同微生物种类、作用时间、作用温度和电解水用量等都会对酸性电解水体外抗菌效果产生重要影响。酸性电解水的应用场景包括医疗卫生、食品卫生和农牧渔业等，加大对酸性电解水的研究，对其在生活及生产等各方面的推广应用具有重要参考价值。

雾化器属于中度危险性医疗器材，在临床治疗时如果清洁消毒不及时、不彻底，容易发生污染，进而导致医院感染风险升高甚至暴发；因此，加强雾化器的消毒与管理对于控制因雾化器使用引发的医院感染有着重要意义。本文综述了近年来国内外关于雾化器污染及相关清洁消毒研究报道，分析国内外医疗机构雾化器的污染及消毒现状，并总结清洁消毒方法研究进展，以期为医疗机构雾化器的科学管理提供参考。

Objective To explore the feasibility of using phage Phi-X174 as indicator virus for evaluating the effect of air virus disinfection. Methods Phage Phi-X174 was nebulised into the air disinfection chamber. Referring to the requirements for the microbial counts of air indicators in China's air disinfection effect evaluation standards, the key parameters such as sampling solution, phage suspension titre, nebulisation time, nebulisation volume, etc were investigated to determine the generation mode and sampling method of phage aerosols, and the natural settling rates of phage aerosols at different time points were analyzed. Using the preliminarily established method, the killing effect of a photocatalytic disinfection technology on phage in air was evaluated. Results SM buffer was more efficient than PBS for phage Phi-X174 collection. When 1.5 mL of phage suspension with a titre of 3×10⁸ pfu/mL was nebulized, the average phage concentration in the air disinfection chamber was 4.25×10⁶ pfu/m³ with good reproducibility. The average natural settling rates of phage aerosols at 15 min, 30 min, 45 min and 60 min were 28.40%, 51.79%, 68.61% and 79.58%, respectively. The photocatalytic air disinfection technology was applied with high airflow for 45 min or low airflow for 60 min, and the average killing rate of phage could reach 99.9%. Conclusion Aerosol sampling with SM buffer and 1.5 mL of phage suspension with a titre of 3×10⁸ pfu/mL as the nebulisation generating solution can achieve relatively stable concentration of phage aerosols in air for a certain period of time, with better test reproducibility, and higher sampling efficiency, etc., which is basically in line with the requirements of air indicator microorganisms.

Objective To observe the effect of time and temperature on the concentration of available chlorine in a certain 84 disinfectant during storage. Methods The iodine assay was used to detect the changes of available chlorine concentration of a commercial 84 disinfectant after 12 weeks at 4, 10, 20, 30 and 37℃. The degradation rate was calculated and the high fitting curve of the disinfectant was plotted. Results After 12 weeks storage at 4, 10, 20, 30 and 37℃, the available chlorine concentrations of 84 disinfectant with initial available chlorine content of 72.31 g/L decreased to 59.90, 58.13, 55.60, 45.72 and 38.63 g/L, respectively. The degradation rates of available chlorine were 17.16%, 19.61%, 23.10%, 36.77% and 49.34%, respectively. The degradation rate of available chlorine in the first 5 weeks was significantly higher than that in the last 7 weeks at 5 storage temperatures. When the storage temperature was below 30℃, the available chlorine content was stable after 5 weeks. Conclusion The higher the temperature, the faster decrease of the effective chlorine concentration. At low concentration, decrease rate is relative slow, and the disinfectant is more stable.

Objective To observe the disinfection effect of a double-chain quaternary ammonium salt disinfectant in a low-temperature environment of -40℃, and to provide reference for the application of low-temperature disinfection. Methods Carrier quantitative bactericidal test and on-site disinfection test methods were used to observe the disinfection effect of the double-chain quaternary ammonium salt disinfectant on environmental surfaces under low temperature conditions. Results The content of stock solution of the double-chain quaternary ammonium salt disinfectant was 37 g/L, and the pH value was 5.03. This disinfectant has no precipitation or crystallization after being placed at -40℃ for >8 h. In a low-temperature cold storage at -40℃, the stock solution was sprayed for 30 min, and the killing log values of Escherichia coli and Staphylococcus aureus on the fabric samples were both >3.00; the stock solution was sprayed at 10 mL/m³ for 60 min, and the killing log values of Escherichia coli and Staphylococcus aureus on the glass surface were both >3.00. The stock solution of the disinfectant was non-irritating to the intact skin of New Zealand rabbits. The acute oral toxicity test on mice was non-toxic and had no micronucleogenic effect on mice. Conclusion This double-chain quaternary ammonium salt disinfectant can kill Escherichia coli and Staphylococcus aureus on environmental surfaces at low temperature of -40℃, and is an actual non-toxic substance.

Objective To observe the disinfection effects of a LED ultraviolet disinfection cabinet on different types of object surfaces, so as to provide a reference for the application of LED ultraviolet disinfection technology. Methods Using a carrier quantitative bactericidal test method, the LED ultraviolet disinfection cabinet was set to irradiate for 10 s and 120 s. The bactericidal effects on various carriers under different irradiation doses were observed. Results Irradiation for 10 s resulted in a log reduction of >3.00 for Staphylococcus aureus and Escherichia coli on filter paper and part of stainless steel plates contaminated with TSB. Similarly, the log reduction values for Staphylococcus aureus and Escherichia coli on glass slides, plastic sheets, and filter paper contaminated with 3%BSA were also >3.00. Irradiation for 120 s led to a log reduction of >3.00 for Bacillus cereus var. mycoides on filter paper contaminated with TSB, and a log reduction >3.00 for Candida albicans on glass slides and filter paper. For slides, plastic sheets, and filter paper contaminated with 3%BSA, Bacillus cereus var. mycoides also had a log reduction >3.00, and Candida albicans on glass, stainless steel, plastic sheets, and filter paper had log reductions >3.00. Conclusion LED ultraviolet light can achieve good disinfection effects on microorganisms on filter paper, with carrier types and organic contaminants significantly influencing its efficacy. Appropriate disinfection programs should be selected based on the material, cleanliness, and potential pathogens of the items to be disinfected.

Objective To evaluate the effect of intensive terminal disinfection on nosocomial infection of multi-drug resistant orgamisms (MDRO). Methods The data from 2017 to 2019 were retrospectively investigated as the pre-intervention group, and the data from 2020 to 2021 were prospectively monitored as the post-intervention group. The discovery rate, bacteria composition ratio, and detection rate of MDRO nosocomial infection before and after intervention were compared. Results On the basis of routine disinfection in a primary intensive care unit （ICU）medical area, vaporized hydrogen peroxide technology was used to strengthen the terminal disinfection. The discovery rate of MDRO nosocomial infection after intervention was 1.84%, which was lower than 2.83% before intervention（P<0.05）. After the intervention, the constituent ratio of multidrug-resistant Acinetobacter baumannii （MDRAB） and carbapenem-resistant Serratia marcescens （CRSM） and the detection rate of nosocomial infection decreased （P<0.05）. The detection rate of nosocomial infection caused by carbapenem-resistant Klebsiella pneumoniae （CRKP） did not increase statistically, but the constituent ratio increased （P<0.05）.Conclusion Intensive terminal disinfection can reduce nosocomial infections caused by MDRO, but we need to pay attention to nosocomial infections caused by carbapenem-resistant Enterobacteriaceae （CRE）, especially CRKP.

消毒剂被广泛应用于不同环境中杀灭细菌，但细菌耐受消毒剂的现象大大降低了消毒剂的杀菌效果，严重威胁人类的生命和健康。本文综述了细菌对消毒剂耐受的研究现状、作用机制（生物膜、细胞膜结构、外排泵和降解酶）及对策。不同细菌在水环境、医疗环境和食品环境中对多种消毒剂存在耐受。外排泵可能是细菌应对消毒剂最快、最有效的抗性机制。开发抑制外排泵和生物膜的新型消毒剂或替代物，加强监测并制定合理的消毒剂使用方案，对解决细菌耐受消毒剂这一难题具有重要参考价值。

近几年，辐射中心波长为222 nm的准分子紫外消毒光源因其安全、起效快等特点而备受关注。然而，国内对222 nm准分子紫外消毒光源的研究尚处于起步阶段，对其详细作用机制的了解也不深入。本文以222 nm准分子紫外消毒光源为主题，介绍了其基本原理，并梳理了其研究脉络，详细叙述了该种光源的研究现状，分析讨论了应用场景和实用性前景，以期对222 nm准分子紫外消毒光源有整体系统性认识，促进其在消毒领域的应用进程。

Objective To investigate and analyze the detection rate of carbapenem-resistant Klebsiella pneumoniae (CRKP) in clinical specimens of a hospital and its related clinical characteristics, so as to provide a basis for rational medicine use and prevention and control of CRKP nosocomial infection. Methods A retrospective investigation method was used to collect the data of Klebsiella pneumoniae isolated from clinical specimens of patients in clinical departments from 2012 to 2023. The CRKP detection was compared from different sources, departments and types of patients, and the changes of pathogen resistance were analyzed. Results The detection rate of CRKP in the non-bloodstream infection group was higher than that in the bloodstream infection group（11.2% vs 7.9%;$x^2$=11.534, P=0.001）. The detection rates of CRKP in blood, sputum, bronchoalveolar lavage fluid, urine, and cerebrospinal fluid showed an overall rising trend over time （P<0.05）. The detection rate of CRKP in ICU was higher than that in non-ICU （16.1% vs 8.9%;$x^2$=100.564, P<0.001）. The detection rates of CRKP in the adult group and the elderly group showed an overall upward trend（Z=10.105 and 12.107, P<0.05）, while the neonatal group showed a downward trend （Z=-2.099, P=0.036）. CRKP exhibited high resistance to ceftazidime, ceftriaxone, cefazolin, ertapenem, and ampicillin/sulbactam, with drug resistance rates exceeding 95%. Conclusion Hospitals should strengthen the effective monitoring of important types of specimens, key wards and special groups, and standardize the rational use of antibiotics.

Objective To explore the optimal disinfection dosage and scheme of vaporized hydrogen peroxide on indoor air and high efficiency particulate air filter (HEPA) during terminal disinfection in animal biosafety level 3 (ABSL-3) laboratory. Method The hydrogen peroxide at concentration of 5, 8, 10 and 15 g/m³ were used to disinfect different volumes of space, and the disinfection effect of vaporized hydrogen peroxide was verified by chemical indicator card and biological indicator bacteria, and its corrosiveness to indoor color steel plate was observed. Exhaust HEPA filters were disninfected in situ with 10, 12 and 15 g/m³ of hydrogen peroxide which were screened for optimal dosage. Results The 10 g/m³ vaporized hydrogen peroxide could effectively disinfect the≤ 200 m³ laboratory space, and there was no corrosion of color steel plates. With the use of a disinfection circulating fan, 15 g/m³ vaporized hydrogen peroxide could disinfect the laboratory tuyere-type exhaust HEPA filter in situ. Conclusion The disinfection scheme of vaporized hydrogen peroxide disinfection circulating fan can achieve the simultaneous disinfection of indoor air and exhaust HEPA filter during the termial disinfection of ABSL-3 laboratory.

铜绿假单胞菌是引起医院感染和最具生命威胁的细菌之一，本文对其生物膜的组成、结构和发育过程，常规消毒剂与铜绿假单胞菌生物膜相互作用的研究进行综述。为筛选高效、低毒、方便、经济的新型消毒剂，促进临床护理工作、医院感染控制提供参考。

Objective To explore the effect of different mouthwashes on the bacterial count in the air of oral clinics during ultrasonic cleaning and the acceptance of mouthwashes by patients. Methods A total of 56 patients treated with ultrasonic cleaning were randomly divided into 4 groups according to the order of entry into the study, namely hydrogen peroxide group, chlorhexidine group, hypochloric acid water group, and control group, with 14 cases in each group. Patients were required to rinse with 40 mL of 1.50% hydrogen peroxide, 0.12% chlorhexidine, 100 mg/L hypochloric acid water, and sterile water for at least 1 min before ultrasonic cleaning. Before treatment, during treatment, and at 0 and 10 min after treatment, air samples were collected by natural sedimentation on a blood agar plate for 5 min, bacteria were cultured and the total number of colonies was counted, and bacterial species identification was performed. The patient's acceptance of the four mouthwashes was investigated through a questionnaire survey. Results After treatment with hydrogen peroxide, chlorhexidine, and hypochloric acid water, the total number of bacterial colonies in the air reached its maximum at 0 min. After 10 min of treatment, the total number of bacterial colonies in the air of all three groups decreased to 4 cfu/dish, with Staphylococcus pidermidis being the highest proportion. The hypochloric acid water received the highest acceptance. Conclusion Rinsing with 100 mg/L hypochloric acid water for 1 minute before ultrasonic cleaning can reduce the total number of bacterial colonies in the air of oral clinics, and has a higher acceptance.

Objective To understand the air purification methods for outpatient and emergency medical institutions before and during the coronavirus disease（COVID-19）pandemic. Methods A stratified sampling method was used to select 340 hospitals of different levels and types from 7 provinces in 7 regions of China,and the air cleaning techniques in outpatient and emergency departments before and during the COVID-19 pandemic（January 2021 as the boundary）were investigated by questionnaire. Results A total of 340 hospitals were surveyed. Before COVID-19, the use rate of natural ventilation was the highest in different outpatient and emergency areas. During the COVID-19 pandemic, 42.44% of the outpatient hall, 44.00% of the internal medicine consultation area, and 44.50% of the emergency departmentsin hospitals changed the air cleaning techniques, mainly by adding air sterilizers. Conclusion COVID-19 has promoted the level of air purification in hospitals.The air purification method in hospital is changed from natural ventilation to air sterilizer.

Objective To explore the application effect of fluorescent labeling method and microbiological method in evaluating the quality of cleaning and disinfection of the surrounding environment of patients with multidrug-resistant organism infection/colonization in intensive care units (ICU).Methods Focusing on the surrounding environment of all patients with carbapenem-resistantAcinetobacter baumannii infection/colonization in 12 ICUs in the hospital, fluorescent labeling methods and microbiological methods were used to compare the fluorescent labeling clearance rate, the qualified rate of microbial specimens and the detection rate of Acinetobacter baumannii of each ICU before and after the implementation of environmental cleaning intervention measures.Results After the intervention, the fluorescence labeling clearance rate increased from 35.85% to 66.94%, and the qualified rate of microbial specimens increased from 80.57% to 93.13%. The detection rate of Acinetobacter baumannii decreased from 27.43% to 8.75%, and the differences were all statistically significant (P<0.05). Conclusion Fluorescent labeling method and microbiological method can be used to evaluate the effect of object surface cleaning and disinfection in patients with multidrug-resistant organism infection/colonization.

Objective To analyze the molecular epidemiological characteristics of carbapenem resistant Klebsiella pneumoniae（CRKP）. Methods CRKP strains isolated from the Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region People’s Hospital from March 2022 to March 2023 were selected to conduct drug sensitivity test, pulsed field gel electrophoresis（PFGE）and whole genome sequencing（WGS）. Results A total of 33 strains of CRKP were isolated, of which 81.81% were from sputum samples. CRKP had high resistance to most commonly used antibiotics, and was most sensitive to tigecycline, with a resistance rate of 3.03%. PFGE results showed that 33 strains of CRKP were divided into 26 clusters, of which 8 strains were in the same cluster. After WGS for the 8 strains, the obtained sequences were analyzed by whole genome SNP, and they were homology due to the maximum difference of 22 bases. Conclusion CRKP has been present in a hospital for a long time and has silent transmission. It is necessary to standardize the use of antibiotics, strengthen hospital infection prevention and control measures, and regularly monitor to prevent the outbreak of hospital infections.

Objective To test the disinfection-related performance and toxicity of hydrogen peroxide-ethanol free hand -drying hand sanitizer. Methods Quantitative suspension killing test, physical and chemical test, animal toxicity test methods were used to test the killing performance and safety of the disinfectant. Results The hand sanitizer has hydrogen peroxide and ethanol as the main composite germicidal components, with hydrogen peroxide content of 1 470 mg/L and ethanol content of 80.1% by volume. After 0.5, 1.0 and 1.5 min of the hydrogen peroxide-ethanol hand sanitizer, the killing log value of Staphylococcus aureus, Escherichia coli and Pseudomonas aeruginosa were all >6.00, and the average killing log value of Candida albicans was >5.00, and the average killing log value of the poliovirus-Ⅰvaccine strain was > 4.00. The hand disinfectant liquid was used for hand wipe disinfection, and the killing log value of natural bacteria on the hand after 1 min was >1.00. The disinfectant sealed package was stored at 37℃ for 3 months，and the reduction rates of its effective ingredient content were all less than 10%. The skin irritation test results of this hand sanitizer showed that it was non-irritating. The results of the acute oral toxicity test showed that the hand sanitizer was practically non-toxic to mice. The result of micronucleus test for mouse bone marrow polychromatic redblood cells was negative. Conclusion This hydrogen peroxide-ethanol hand sanitizer has a rapid killing effect on bacterial propagules, fungi and viruses. It is practically non-toxic and has stable storage properties.

Objective To study the disinfection effect, corrosive effect on metals and toxicity to experimental animals of a certain compound quaternary ammonium disinfectant with ethylene glycol as antifreeze at low temperature. Methods Under the condition of -18°C, the disinfection effect of 500 mg/L compound quaternary ammonium salt disinfectant was evaluated with incubating the test bacteria for 3, 6 and 9 min, respectively. The corrosion rates of stainless steel, carbon steel, copper and aluminum were evaluated, and the safety toxicology of disinfectants was evaluated by acute oral toxicity test, skin irritation test and acute eye irritation test. Results At -18°C, the killing log values of 500 mg/L disinfectant against Escherichia coli and Staphylococcus aureus on the carrier were 3.46 and > 6.04, respectively. Corrosion rates （mm/a） of stainless steel, carbon steel, copper and aluminum by 500 mg/L disinfectant were 0.003 5, 0.013 8, 0.015 2 and 0.007 5 mm/a, respectively. The acute oral LD₅₀ of 5 times concentration of the disinfectant was > 5 000 mg/（kg·bw） in both male and female mice. It was non-irritating in a complete skin irritation test and acute eye irritation test in rabbits. Conclusion The compound quaternary ammonium salt disinfectant has a strong bactericidal effect at low temperature. It is basically non-corrosive to stainless steel and aluminum, and has good safety.

Objective To observe the disinfection effect of two disinfectants on the air conditioning exhaust pipe and medical cabin environment of ambulance. Methods Simulated field disinfection test was used to observe the disinfection effect of spray on the air conditioning ventilation pipe and medical cabin environment of ambulance. Results The spray of hydrogen peroxide disinfectant with a concentration of 75 g/L or hypochlorite disinfectant with available chlorine of 200 mg/L was generated by aerosol sprayer to disinfect hermetically for 30 min in the air conditioning ventilation pipe and medical cabin environment of ambulance. The killing rate of Staphylococcus aureus and Escherichia coli on stainless steel carrier by hydrogen peroxide disinfectant spray reached 99.99%; The killing rate of Staphylococcus aureus and Escherichia coli on stainless steel carrier by hypochlorite disinfectant spray was about 95%. Conclusion Hydrogen peroxide disinfectant spray has a good disinfection effect on the air conditioning pipes and medical cabin environment of ambulance, and the disinfection effect of hypochlorite disinfectant spray is lower than that of hydrogen peroxide disinfectant.

Objective To validate the practicability of Modified Letheen Broth（MLB） method for bacteria detection in antibacterial hand sanitizer. Methods According to the verification requirements of qualitative test methods in the guiding principles for validation of alternative methods for microbiological testing in Chinese Pharmacopoeia （2020）, equivalence study between MLB method and GB 15979—2002 standard methods for Coliform and Hemolytic streptococcus were conducted in three parameters, including specificity, limit of detection and ruggedness. Results The results demonstrated that the MLB method had good specificity and ruggedness. The 50% detection limit for positive specimens of the representative strains of Coliform and Hemolytic streptococcus detected by this method was 1.76 and 17.44 cfu/g, respectively. According to the statistical analysis, the detection sensitivity of the MLB method was significantly better than that of the standard method （P<0.05）. Conclusion The MLB method is equal to the standard method, and can be applied to the detection of bacteria in antibacterial hand sanitizer.

Objective To evaluate the qualified rate of Hand Hygiene among medical staff in China, and to understand the quality of hand hygiene among medical staff. Methods A Meta analysis was conducted by collecting literature on hand hygiene surveys among medical staff in China from 2015 to 2023 through major Chinese databases. Results 33 literatures were included, and the overall qualified rate of hand hygiene of medical staff was 87.2%. The qualified rate of hand hygiene was 86.0% for nurses and 81.2% for doctors, the qualified rate was 94.3% for surgical hand and 83.4% for sanitary hand. The qualified rate was 89.3% for the third-grade hospitals and 79.9% for the lower-grade hospitals. Conclusion The qualified rate of hand hygiene among medical staff fluctuates is around 80%, which shows an upward trend.

手术部位感染(SSI)是一种严重的、可预防的术后并发症，与手术室感染风险因素相关。虽然引起SSI的因素是多方面的，包括患者特征、手术环境、手术过程、围手术期护理等，但手术室作为进行外科手术的主要场所，最直接参与和影响SSI的发生。手术室护士是具有特殊岗位和职责的群体，直接参与手术过程的始末，担负手术室的感染防控重任，其行为与患者SSI直接相关。本文综述了手术室护士外在规范、活动与人员配置的监管、日常实践行为、医护配合和团队沟通与协调方面的行为对预防SSI的影响，并提出相应对策，旨在用科学的理论和方法制订切实有效的护理措施，在减少SSI风险因素的基础上降低SSI发生率，为采取针对性的护理干预措施提供借鉴和参考。

目的 探索失效模式与效应分析（FMEA）与信息追溯系统结合在复用口腔科器械再处理流程中应用效果。方法 通过循证和头脑风暴方法，评估失效模式的风险程度（RPN），筛出器械再处理中各类信息，建立信息追溯系统，评价其应用效果。结果 实施干预措施前，再处理器械包2 070个，错误率为17.10%。实施建立每件器械独立信息追溯系统并将其应用于再处理流程闭环管理措施后，再处理器械包2 678个，错误率为0.60%，明显低于干预前（$x^2$=442.580，P<0.05）。结论 FMEA管理模式可帮助识别可能出现的错误和危险，信息追溯系统能更有效准确地记录再处理操作数据。